What is Psychology? David Myers (8th Edition) Prologue

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What is Psychology? David Myers (8th
Edition)Prologue

• PowerPoint Slides
• Mr. Mable
• Tucker High School
• 2012

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Prologue The Story of Psychology
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Students will be able to

• Define Psychology
• Explain the specific jobs Psychologist do
• Name key psychologist in its history
• Describe where Psychology came from
• List the Major Modern Perspectives
• List the types of degrees needed in psych
• Explain how to be a better psych student

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Prologue The Story of Psychology

• Psychologys Roots
• Prescientific Psychology
• Psychological Science is Born
• Psychological Science Develops

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Prologue The Story of Psychology

• Contemporary Psychology
• Psychologys Big Debate
• Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
• Psychologys Subfields

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WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
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Psychology isThe scientific study of _____ and
_____processes
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Psychology

• _____ The study of
• ______ come from the Latin Psyche meaning the
  _______

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Psychology attempts to answer the following
questions

• Why do I do the things that I do?
• _________?

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Behavior vs. Cognitive

• Cognitive

• Behavior

• Can be seen
• Something that can be ________
• i.e. Pushups
• kissing
• _______
• playing
• football

• Cannot normally be seen
• Cognitive means ______
• It is any mental activity
• For example
• dreaming
• perception
• __________
• judgments
• planning

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Pre-Scientific Psychology
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Psychologys Roots

• Prescientific Psychology

www.bodydharma.org/photo/buddha.jpg
In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and
perceptions combined to form ideas.
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Prescientific Psychology

• Confucius (551-479 B.C.)

home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg
In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas
and the importance of an educated mind.
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Prescientific Psychology

• Hebrew Scriptures

www.havurahhatorah.org/images/hebrewbible.jpg
Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the
body.
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Prescientific Psychology

• Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)

http//www.law.umkc.edu
http//www.law.umkc.edu
Socrates
Plato
Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind
was separate from the body, the mind continued to
exist after death, and ideas were innate.
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Prescientific Psychology

• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

http//faculty.washington.edu
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not
separable from the body and that knowledge
(ideas) grow from experience.
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Aristotle

• Wrote the ____ book about psychology called Peri
  Psyches
• Greek _______
• The Greek letter ___
• Is the symbol of
• Modern Psychology.

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Prescientific Psychology

• Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

http//www.spacerad.com
http//ocw.mit.edu
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul
(mind)-body separation, but wondered how the
immaterial mind and physical body communicated.
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Prescientific Psychology

• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

http//www.iep.utm.edu
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science,
particularly the experimental method.
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Prescientific Psychology

• John Locke (1632-1704)

biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or
blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on
it.
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Prescientific Psychology

• What is the relation of mind to the body?

Mind and body are connected Mind and body are distinct
The Hebrews Socrates
Aristotle Plato
Augustine Descartes
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Prescientific Psychology

• How are ideas formed?

Some ideas are inborn The mind is a blank slate
Socrates Aristotle
Plato Locke
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Historical Perspectives
Where did Psychology come from?
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Modern Scientific Psychology

• You should know the differences between
• _________ Why?
• Physiology Science of _________
• Psychology What Causes ________?

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Psychological Science is Born

• __________

Titchner (1867-1927)
Wundt (1832-1920)
Wundt and _______ studied the elements (atoms) of
the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig,
Germany, in 1879.
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Wilhelm Wundt

• Made the first ________ ________ EVER in 1879
  in Leipzig, Germany.
• A student of his named G. Stanley ___ made the
  first Psych lab in the United States at Johns
  _____ University in Baltimore, MD. His lab was
  modeled after Wundts.

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G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)

• Started 1st laboratory in ___
• Invited Sigmund Freud Jung to visit USA
• Translated Freuds work into English
• 1st President of the _____
• Founded American Journal of Psychology
• Studied adolescence and childhood
• Promoted the study of educational psychology
• Earliest study of the differences between men and
  women

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Psychological Science is Born

• _________

James (1842-1910)
Mary Calkins
Influenced by Darwin, William James established
the school of functionalism, which opposed
structuralism.
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William James

• Wrote the first modern textbook EVER in _____
  called _______ of Psychology.
• James was a professor of Psychology at _______
  University.
• Much of what was in his book still holds true
  today!

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Gestalt Psychology

• A theory of mind and brain that proposes that the
  operational principle of the brain is holistic,
  parallel, and analog, with self-organizing
  tendencies or, that the whole is greater than
  the sum of its parts
• Counters attempts to believe one can break down
  the mind or experience into bits and parts, as if
  we were machines .
• The idea that we tend to see the Big Picture,
  the forest instead of individual trees.
  Experience is always more than the sum of its
  parts
• Gestalt means _________or ________.

What do you see?
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What do you see?
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The _____ is greater than the sum of its _____!
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Psychological Science is Born

• The Unconscious Mind

Freud (1856-1939)
Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the
importance of the unconscious mind and its
effects on human behavior.
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Sigmund FreudAustrian Neurologist (1856-1938)

• Invented Psychoanalysis the talking cure
• Unconscious mind
• _____ Interpretation
• Importance of early childhood experiences
• Theory of personality (Id, ego, superego)
• Defense mechanisms such as repression,
  displacement
• ______ conflict

Time Magazine voted him the 2nd Most Influential
Person in 20th Century
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Sigmund Freud

• Medical Doctor of Neurology.
• __________ of the Mind.
• Founded
• Psychoanalysis/Psychoanalytic Approach
• Dream Analysis
• Free Association(the _____ _____)
• The ____________ Mind
• And lots more

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Psychological Science Develops

• ____________

Skinner (1904-1990)
Watson (1878-1958)
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the
study of overt behavior as the subject matter of
scientific psychology.
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

• Brilliant Russian Scientist
• Won Nobel Prize in Medicine for study of the
  digestive system
• Contribution to Psychology
• Concept of the Conditioned Response
• Classical __________ (learning by association)

Famous for his experiments with dogs illustrating
the effects of conditioning
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Who is conditioning whom?
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John B. Watson and Behaviorism

• He believed it is _________ to study
  consciousness.
• ______ the school of psychology, founded by John
  Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific
  study of ______ behavior

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Little Albert Where is he now?
Watson succeeded in conditioning fear into a
normal child who previously did not react
fearfully to the sight of a white rat, now the
child feared all things white and furry
(generalization)
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B.F. SkinnerAmerican Psychologist (1904-1990)

• Pioneered _______Conditioning which is a kind
  of conditioning based on reinforcement (rewards
  punishment)
• Promoted Radical Behaviorism, everything we do,
  think and say is the result of conditioning
• Invented all kinds of laboratory devices to study
  the learning process and measure simple behaviors
  in laboratory animals called a _______Box

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Skinner Boxes
Skinner was a genius at developing ways to
precisely measure behavior in laboratory settings.
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Psychological Science Develops

• Humanistic Psychology

Maslow (1908-1970)
http//facultyweb.cortland.edu
Rogers (1902-1987)
http//www.carlrogers.dk
_____________ and Rogers emphasized current
environmental influences on our growth potential
and our need for love and _______.
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Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs
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Psychology Today

• We define psychology today as the scientific
  study of _____ (what we do) and ______ processes
  (inner thoughts and feelings).

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The GOALS of Psychology

• Observe
• _____
• Explain
• Predict
• _____

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What do we mean by control?

• This means to _____ something for a better
  outcome.
• This is not an ____ intent
• To make things _____

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American Psychological Association (Founded 1892)

• Professional organization for Psychologists
• Over 150,000 members
• Sets ethical guidelines for _____
• Lobbies for mental health and psychological
  issues
• ______colleges that have psychology programs
• Provides conferences, meetings and annual
  convention on psychological topics
• Encourages scientific research in psychology
• Headquarters in Washington D.C.

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Psychologys Big Debate

• Nature versus Nurture

Darwin (1809-1882)
Darwin stated that nature selects those that best
enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a
particular environment.
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Nature vs. Nurture

• _____ versus Experience
• Am I the way I am because I was born that way or
  because of my _________?

Can I ever be like these people, or does nature
give me limitations?
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Stability v. Change

• As the years pass, do we change or remain the
  _____?
• Are we become adults or are we always just big
  kids?
• Personality traits, physical appearance, sense of
  humor, tastes, etc

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Continuity v. Discontinuity

• Does growth occur ______ or in _____?

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CONTEMPORARYPERSPECTIVES
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What is a perspective?

• A point of _____
• A philosophy about why things occur
• A different way of ______ at something
• Normally cooperative not antagonistic
• Most psychologists take an _____ approach a
  little bit of all the approaches depending on the
  patient and situation

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Biopsychosocial Psychologys ____ Main Levels of
_____
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Perspectives in Psychologya.k.a Approaches or
Theoretical Perspectives

• Biological or Neuroscientific
• Psychoanalytic (________)
• Behavioral/Learning
• Cognitive
• _____________
• Humanistic
• Evolutionary

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Biological Perspectives

• Emphasizes the influence of biology on our
  behavior

BRAIN CELL

• activity of brain cells, and ______ and
  ______processes Looks for the connections between
  events in the brain with behavior

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The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Stresses the influence of _________ forces on
  human behavior

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The Learning Perspective

• Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior.

Personal experience and ________ guide
individual development
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Social-Learning Behavior

• Suggests that people can change their
  environments or create new ones
• People can learn intentionally by _________ others

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Cognitive Perspective

• Emphasizes the role played by ______ and
  perceptions in determining behavior

• Studies _____ processes to understand human
  nature

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Socio-cultural Perspective

• Addresses issues such as _____, _____, culture,
  and _____ status
• Based on the idea that these facts have
  significant impact on human behavior and mental
  processes

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Humanistic Perspective

• Stresses the human capacity for _____ and the
  importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and
  the capacity to make _____
• Considers peoples personal _______ to be the
  most important aspect of psychology

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The Evolutionary Perspective

• Looks at how our behaviors ensures our _______.
• What genes are inherited that influence our
  species.
• Focuses on _________.
• i.e. Facial Expressions Surprise!

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Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Neuroscience How the body and brain enables emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of ones genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
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Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someones personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?
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Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?
Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
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The Subfields of Psychology

• What do Psychologists do?

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Jobs Psychologists do

• ______
• Counseling
• School
• Educational
• Developmental
• Industrial/
• Organizational
• Personality

• Social
• Forensic
• Environmental
• _________
• Health
• Research/
• Experimental

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Psychologys Subfields Applied
Data APA 1997
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Psychologys Subfields Research
Data APA 1997
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Psychologys Subfields Applied
Psychologist What she does
Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.
Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.
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Psychologys Subfields Research
Psychologist What she does
Biological Explore the links between brain and mind.
Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb.
Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
Social Explore how we view and affect one another.
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Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

• A _______(Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats
  troubled people with psychotherapy.
• _______ on the other hand are medical
  professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like
  drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically
  diseased patients.

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NOT TO BE CONFUSEDWITH A PSYCHIATRIST!!

• A PSYCHIATRIST is a medical doctor who
  specializes in the treatment of psychological
  problems who can _____ medication for clients.

Psychologists _______ prescribe medication!
VALIUM (A DRUG FOR TREATING ANXIET)
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What Degree Do I Need?

• College Degrees

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Bachelor of Arts / Science

• A BA or BS in Psychology on the ______ level is
  one of the fastest growing and popular majors
• A very diverse discipline that is a good
  background for any career.

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Master of Arts / Science

• To be a clinical psychologist or _______ you must
  obtain a Masters.
• Requires Masters thesis w/ research.
• The academic hood is shown to the right.

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Doctorate PhD or Psy D

• PhD is more for teaching in college.
• PhD is a approximately 3-4 years of school and
  research w/ ________.
• PsyD is for _____ practice.

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Graduate Degrees

• You dont go get a grad degree from anywhere
  because of the _____ or name recognition of the
  school.
• You look at the research being done and the
  facilities/program provided. Is the professor on
  the cutting edge of ____ on the topic you want to
  study???

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Other Profession Grad Degrees

• M.D. Medical Doctor
• J.D. Juris Doctorate (Law)
• M.S. Master of Social Work
• M.T. Master of Teaching
• MBA Master of Business Admin
• MFA Master of Fine Arts
• MTh Master of Theology
• Pharm D Doctor of Pharmacology

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Degree Summary

• To work in the field of psychology you will
  probably need to obtain at least a masters
  degree.
• You will need ____ years of schooling and
  training, as well as a profession license from
  the state.

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How to be the best AP Psychology student that you
can bethe following slide give some study tips
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Close-up
Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read,
Review and Reflect (SQ3R)

• Survey What you are about to read, including
  chapter outlines and section heads.
• Question Ask questions. Make notes.
• Read Make sure you read outlines, sections and
  chapters in entirety.
• Review Margin definitions. Study learning
  outcomes.
• Reflect On what you learn. Test yourself with
  quizzes.

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Close-up
Additional Study Hints

• _______ your time.
• Listen _____ in class.
• ______.
• Be a smart test-taker.