Heart Disease

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Heart Disease

• By
• Cody Miller

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What is Heart Disease?

• It is a broad term for a number of different
  diseases which affect the heart. But the ultimate
  problem with all varieties of heart disease is
  that, in one way or another, they can disrupt the
  vital pumping action of the heart.

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Types-Cardiomyopathy

• It is the deterioration of the function of the
  heart for whatever reason. Patients with
  cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia
  and/or sudden cardiac death.
• Extrinsic cardiomyopathies
• Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is caused by chronic
  long-term abuse of alcohol, which leads to heart
  failure.
• Coronary artery disease
• Congenital heart disease-is a disease that
  effects primarily at birth, and includes
  structural defects, congenital arrhythmias, and
  cardiomyopathyies.
• Ischemic cardiomyopathy- is a weakness in the
  heart muscle, due to inadequate oxygen delivery
  to the heart with coronary artery disease being
  the most common cause.
• Hypertensive cardiomyopathy- any number of
  complications of arterial hypertension.
• Valvular cardiomyopathy-
• Inflammatory cardiomyopathy-

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Cardiomyopathy

• Intrinsic cardiomyopathies
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)-most common, the
  heart (usually the left ventricle) is enlarged
  and pumping function is diminished.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM)-a
  genetic disorder, causing heart muscle to
  thicken, which can obstruct blood flow and
  prevent the heart from functioning properly.
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
  cardiomyopathy(ARVC)-arises from an electrical
  malfunction of the heart in which heart muscle is
  replaced by fibrous scar tissue. Usually the
  right ventricle.
• Restrictive caridiomyopathy(RCM)-least common,
  the walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may
  not be thickened and resist the normal filling of
  the heart with blood.
• Noncompaction cardiomyopathy-the left ventricle
  wall has failed to properly grow from birth.

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Cardiovascular disease

• Refers to the class of diseases that involve the
  heart or blood vessels.
• Is commonly referred to as atherosclerosis
• Other types are aneurysms, angina, arrhythmias,
  CVA, CHF, myocarditis, valve disease, coronary
  artery disease, edocarditis, hypertension, mitral
  valve prolapse, MI, venous thromboembolism.

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Hypertensive heart disease

• Its a late complication of hypertension. Causing
  thickening of the heart, which in turn lowers the
  cardiac output.
• Could be caused by left ventricle hypertrophy,
  coronary heart disease, CHF, cardiac arrhythmias.
• Symptoms- fatigue, irregular pulse, edema,
  dyspnea, weight gain, nausea, SOB, bloating,
  greater need to urinate at night.

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Inflammatory heart disease

• Involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or
  surrounding tissue.
• Endocarditis-inflammation of the endocardium,
  most commonly the valves.
• Myocarditis-inflammation of the myocardium.
  Usually caused by an infection.
• May present with rapid signs of heart failure,
  chest pain, or sudden death.

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Valvular heart disease

• It involves one or more of the heart valves.
• Some types are- aortic insufficiency, aortic
  valve stenosis, endocarditis, heart valve
  dysplasia, libman-sacks endocarditis, loeffler
  endocarditis, mitral regurgitation, mitral
  stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, pulmonary valve
  stenosis, tricuspid insufficiency, tricuspid
  valve stenosis.

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Aortic valve stenosis

• Caused by an incomplete opening of the aortic
  valve.
• Is often seen in patients with CHF.
• Patients that have both are attributed to a 2
  year mortality rate of 50.

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Mitral valve prolapse

• Characterized as an abnormally thickened mitral
  valve.
• S/S-heart palpitations, atrial fibrillation,
  syncope, mitral regurgitation, or sudden death.
• These patients tend to have a low body mass
  index.

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Rheumatic heart disease

• Its a condition in which the heart valves are
  damaged by rheumatic fever.
• Rheumatic fever begins with a strep throat
  infection.
• It is an inflammatory disease.
• It can affect many of the bodys connective
  tissues, especially those of the heart, joints,
  brain, or skin.
• Anyone can get it, but it usually occurs in
  children between the ages of 5 to 15.
• The rheumatic disease that results can last for
  life.

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Symptoms of Rheumatic heart disease

• They often go unnoticed for sometime, because
  this disease affects the valves. And often the
  damage isnt immediately noticeable.
• This causes the valves to either not open/close
  completely.
• Also causes scarring of the heart valves, forcing
  the heart work harder.
• The damage may resolve on its own, or it may be
  permanent.
• Advanced cases may present with CHF.
• Other symptoms that may be present-fever, weight
  loss, fatigue and/or stomach pains.

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Coronary artery disease
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Coronary artery disease

• Is a condition in which plaque builds up inside
  the coronary arteries. The plaque is made up of
  fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances
  found in blood. When plaque build up in the
  arteries, it is called atherosclerosis.

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Coronary artery disease

• A common symptom of CAD is angina.
• If CAD causes heart failure, then you will likely
  see the patient short of breath.
• Some patients that have CAD have no signs or
  symptoms.
• MIs usually are a result of a sudden occlusion
  of a coronary artery, from plaque breaking free.
• CAD can lead to angina, heart attack, heart
  failure and arrhythmias.

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Pre-hospital care

• CPR and defibrillation in the event of cardiac
  arrest.
• High concentration of oxygen
• Pain relief-morphine
• Aspirin
• Diesel

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Coronary artery disease

• Can be increased by smoking , obesity, physical
  inactivity.
• Genetic factors play a role, example disorders
  such as hypertension and hypothyroidism
  contribute to risk.
• Ways to prevent it are exercise, diet, aspirin,
  omega-3 fatty acids.

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Estimates for 2004

• Hypertension-72 million
• CHD-15.8 million
• MI-7.9 million
• Angina-8.9 million
• Stroke-5.7 million
• CVD
• Claimed 871,500
• 1 of ever 2.8 deaths
• 147,000
• From 94-04 death rate declined 25.

• CHD
• 452,300 deaths
• Single leading cause of death in America today.
• 94-04 death rate declined 33.

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Sources

• Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A
  Cherry. Paramedic Care. New JerseyBrady, 2006.
• Mark H. Beers, Robert S. Porter, Thomas V. Jones,
  Justin L Kaplan, Michael Berkwrits. The Merck
  ManualEighteenth Edition. New JerseyMerck
  Research Laboratories, 2006.
• Stephanie Trelogan. What is Coronary Artery
  Disease?, GeneticHealth. 2000, 2001. California.
  9/12/2000. http//www.genetichealth.com/HD_What_Is
  _Coronary_Artery_Disease.shtml
• Mayoclinic.com. Mitral valve prolapse,
  Revolution Health. 2007. April 25, 2007.
  http//content.revolutionhealth.com/contentimages/
  images-image_popup-r7_mvp.jpg
• Wikipedia. Heart Disease, Wikipedia.
  California, November 24, 2007. http//en.Wikipedia
  .org/wiki/Heart_disease