Overview of Chemistry

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Overview of Chemistry
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Whats the center or target?
Building Blocks
Putting them together
Disassembling them
Rearranging them
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Chemical Reactions
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Synthesis (combination)

• Medicine
• Flavorings
• Plastics
• High energy fuels

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SYNTHESIS OF FLAVORINGS
Acetic acid splits into acetate (C2H3O2)- and H
O
O
-
C
O
C
-
-
H3C OH
-
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SYNTHESIS OF FLAVORINGS
O
H
O
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
O
C
C
C
C
O
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
O
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH CH3C-OH ? H2O
CH3CH2CH2-O-CCH3
Propyl alcohol acetic acid (vinegar)
O
OH
H2O

O
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O
O
O
OH
HO

Octanol (or gasolinegtalcohol) acetic acid ?
water Octyl acetate (orange flavor)
H2O

OH
Benzyl alcohol (globs in lava lamps)
acetic acid ? water Benzyl acetate
H2O

OH
Isopentenyl alcohol acetic acid ? water
Isopentenyl acetate (Juicy-Fruit)
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O
O
O
H2O

HO
OH
Ethanol (liquor) butyric acid (rancid butter)
? water Ethyl butyrate (Apple flavor)
O
O
H2O
HO
O

OH
HO
Amyl alcohol (oil of potato spirit) salicylic
acid (wart remover) ? water Amyl salicylate
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amyl (unmilled grain) (5 carbon) (butyric acid
rancid butter)
ALCOHOL ACID ESTER
FRAGRANCE 1 n-amyl alcohol butyric acid
apricot 2 n-amyl alcohol salicylic acid
pineapple 3 n-amyl alcohol glacial acetic acid
banana 4 n-octyl alcohol glacial acetic acid
fruity 5 methyl alcohol salicylic acid
wintergreen 6 ethyl alcohol butyric acid
apple 7 ethyl alcohol glacial acetic acid
fruity RCOOH HOR ? RCOOR' H2O
organic acid alcohol ester water
H
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Decomposition

• Speed up decomposition
• Toxic waste
• Waste
• Fats
• Explosives
• Slow down decomposition
• Anti-rust
• Anti-aging

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Anything into Oil Technological savvy could turn
600 million tons of turkey guts and other waste
into 4 billion barrels of light Texas crude each
year
depolymerization
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AB ? A B
(NH4)2Cr2O7 ? N2 4H2O Cr2O3
(NH4)2Cr2O7 ? N2 4H2O Cr2O3
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Single replacement
A BC B AC

• Design of batteries

3Zn 2Cu3PO4 ? 6Cu Zn3(PO4)2
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Each potato generates about 0.5 volts and 0.2
milliamps. The entire 500 lb battery generated
around 5 volts and 4 milliamps.
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Single replacement
A BC B AC

• Sacrificial corrosion

Zn FeCl2 ? Fe ZnCl2
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Protects all metals below it
These corrosion products occupy from 2 to 14
times the volume of the original steel, creating
an expansive force that is sufficient to cause
the concrete to crack.
Zinc corrodes so iron or aluminum will not
corrode.
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Any time you have two different metals that are
physically or electrically connected and immersed
in seawater, they become a battery. Some amount
of current flows between the two metals. The
electrons that make up that current are supplied
by one of the metals giving up bits of itself-in
the form of metal ions-to the seawater. This is
called galvanic corrosion and, left unchecked, it
quickly destroys underwater metals. The most
common casualty of galvanic corrosion is a bronze
or aluminum propeller on a stainless steel shaft,
but metal struts, rudders, rudder fittings,
outboards, and stern drives are also at risk. The
way we counteract galvanic corrosion is to add a
third metal into the circuit, one that is quicker
than the other two to give up its electrons. This
piece of metal is called a sacrificial anode, and
most often it is zinc. In fact, most boaters
refer to sacrificial anodes simply as zincs. It
would be hard to overstate the importance of
maintaining the zinc anodes on your boat. When a
zinc is gone, the metal component it was
installed to protect begins to dissolve-guaranteed
.
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Corrosion products commonly observed when
concrete cores containing corroding rebar were
broken open were ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)2),
hydrated ferrous chloride (FeC12H2O), and black
ferrous oxide (Fe304).The exact product formed
depends on the availability of oxygen, water, and
chloride ion, but the result is essentially the
same. These corrosion products occupy from 2 to
14 times the volume of the original steel,
creating an expansive force that is sufficient to
cause the concrete to crack. Propagation of the
cracks leads to staining, spalling and
delamination of concrete. Zinc, as a sacrificial
anode, has been used to cathodically protect
ships hulls for more than a century now. It has
become a common practice to use cathodic
protection either alone or in combination with
coatings for buried pipelines, storage tanks and
offshore structures. It has been well established
both in theory and in practice that the process
achieves an immediate reduction in corrosion rate
by making the reinforcing steel the cathode,
inhibiting its tendency to oxidize. In addition,
the cathodic reactions at the steel/concrete
interface increase the alkalinity (raise the pH)
by hydroxyl ion (OH-) generation and drive
chloride ions (Cl-) away from the steel as a
result of the negative charge on the ions being
repelled by the negative polarity of the
reinforcement and attracted to the positive
polarity of an installed anode.
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Double replacement
AB CD AD CB

• Purification (barium is poisonous)
• BaCl2 MgSO4 BaSO4 MgCl2
• Ba2(aq)2Cl-(aq)Mg2(aq)SO42-(aq)
  BaSO4(s)Mg2(aq)2Cl-(aq)

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Double replacement
AB CD AD CB
Ag Mg

• Extraction
• (Nitric acid) ? AgNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq)

AgNO3(aq) NaCl(aq) ? AgCl(s) NaNO3(aq)
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Double replacement
AB CD AD CB

• Neutralizing corrosives
• NaOH CH3COOH NaC2H3O2 HOH

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Double replacement
AB CD AD CB
Neutralizing corrosives 2HCl Na2CO3
2NaCl H2CO3 H2CO3 ? H2O
CO2(g)
HCl
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Oxidation (combustion)loss of electrons

• Improve oxidation
• Cleaner burning fuels
• Better fireworks
• Antiseptic
• Hyperbaric chambers
• Resist oxidation
• Rust proofing
• Antioxidants

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Chemical Reactions
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Atoms combine to form compounds in simple ratios,
such as 11, 12, 22, 13, and so forth.
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Double replacement.
3NaOH Al(NO3)3 ? 3NaNO3 Al(OH)3
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Children Cycle Company
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Wheels only come in pairs
Promote our Super Durable tires
Biggest cost will be in the tires
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Recall slow moving inventoryand transfer tires
to fast moving inventory
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Manufacture Cars
Car Body Cb Pair of Wheels W2
Cb W2 ? CbW4
How many orders of each do we make?
Cb 2W2 ? CbW4
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We need Fire extinguisher Fluid
CarbonCar body ChlorinePair wheels
C Cl2 ? CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride
How many orders of each do we make?
C 2Cl2 ? CCl4
Cl
Cl
Cl
C
Cl
Cl
Cl
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Manufacture Tricycles
Trike Body Tb Pair of Wheels W2
Tb W2 ? TbW3
How many orders of each do we make?
2Tb 3W2 ? 2TbW3
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We need anti-perspirant (Drysol)
AluminumTricycle body ChlorinePair wheels
Al Cl2 ? AlCl3
How many orders of each do we make?
2Al 3Cl2 ? 2AlCl3
Cl
Al
Cl
Cl
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Cars aren't selling. We need more bicycles.
Car body Cb Pair of Wheels W2Bicycle body
Bb
bike bodies cars ? bicycles car bodies
Bb CbW4 ? BbW2 Cb
2 bike bodies 1 car ? 2 bicycles 1 car
body
2Bb CbW4 ? 2BbW2 Cb
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Fire extinguishers not selling. We need de-icers
CarbonCar body Chlorinepair of
wheelsCalciumbicycle body
Calcium carbon tetrachloride ? Calcium
chloride carbon
Ca CCl4 ? CaCl2 C
2Ca CCl4 ? 2CaCl2 C
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Tricycles aren't selling. We need more bicycles.
Trike Body Tb Pair of Wheels W2Bicycle
body Bb
Tricycles bike bodies ? bicycles trike
bodies
TbW3 Bb ? BbW2 Tb
2 tricycles 3 bike bodies ? 3 bicycles
2 trike bodies
2TbW3 3Bb ? 3BbW2 2Tb
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Anti-perspirants not selling, we need de-icers
AluminumTricycle body ChlorinePair
wheelsCalciumbicycle body
AlCl3 Ca ? CaCl2 Al
2AlCl3 3Ca ? 3CaCl2 2Al
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Tricycles aren't selling. We need more wagons.
Trike Body Tb Pair of Wheels W2Wagon body
Wb
Wagon bodies Tricycles ? Wagons trike
bodies
Wb TbW3 ? WbW4 Tb
3 Wagon bodies 4 Tricycles ? 3 Wagons 4
trike bodies
3Wb 4TbW3 ? 3WbW4 4Tb
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Anti-perspirants are selling, Intel wants silicon
tetrachloride
AluminumTricycle body ChlorinePair
wheelsSiliconWagon Body
Si AlCl3 ? SiCl4 Al
3Si 4AlCl3 ? 3SiCl4 4Al
Cl
Si
Cl
Cl
Cl
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Oxidation numbers ( electrons lost or gained)
Cb4 Wb4 Tb3 Bb2 Ub W- Tr2-
C4 Si4 Al3 Ca2 Na Cl- O2-
Track Tr2-
Wb4 Tr2- ? WbTr2
Si4 O2- ? SiO2
Axels offered / needed
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