PSYCHOPATHOLOGY- PSYCHOMETRY - ANU

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assessment of abnormal
behaviourPsychometry and computer assessment

• Anu joy singh
• I M.Sc clinical psychology

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psychometrics

• Psychometrics is the field of study concerned
  with the theory and technique of psychological
  measurement, which includes the measurement of
  knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality
  traits.
• The field is primarily concerned with the study
  of differences between individuals.
• It involves two major research tasks, namely (
  i) the construction of instruments and procedures
  for measurement and (ii) the development and
  refinement of theoretical approaches to
  measurement.

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Psychometric psychology

• The branch of psychology concerned with the
  development of tests, research on their
  usefulness and in general, way of measuring
  behavior.

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Origins and background

• Much of the early theoretical and applied work in
  psychometrics was undertaken in an attempt to
  measure intelligence.
• Francis Galton is often referred to as the father
  of psychometrics, having devised and used mental
  tests. The origin of psychometrics also has
  connections to the related field of
  psychophysics.
• Charles Spearman, a pioneer in psychometrics who
  developed approaches to the measurement of
  intelligence, studied under Wilhelm Wundt and was
  trained in psychophysics.
• Spearman and Thurstone both made important
  contributions to the theory and application of
  factor analysis, a statistical method that has
  been developed and used extensively in
  psychometrics.

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• More recently, psychometric theory has been
  applied in the measurement of personality,
  attitudes and beliefs, academic achievement, and
  in health-related fields.

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Psychological tests

• Psychological testing often provides additional
  information that complements the psychiatric
  history and mental status exam.
• I. Psychological tests characterize psychological
  symptoms, as well as describe personality and
  motivations

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Psychometric methods to assess abnormal behaviour

• The first psychometric instruments were designed
  to measure the concept of intelligence. The best
  known historical approach involves the
  Stanford-Binet IQ test, developed originally by
  the French Psychologist Alfred Binet.
• In 1905,alfred binet introduced the concept of
  mental age (MA), which is average intellectual
  level of a particular age. The intelligence
  quotient(IQ) is the ratio of MA to
  CA(chronological age),multipied by 100 to
  eliminate the decimal point.

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• Below 70 - mentally retarded
• Between70-90 -below average
• Between 90-110 - average
• Between110 -130 above average
• Above 130 gifted
• IQ is the measure of present functioning
  ability, not necessarily of future potential.

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Wechsler adult intelligence scale

• WAIS is the best standardized and most widely
  used intelligence test in clinical practice
  today.
• Constructed by David Wechsler
• Designed in 1939, the original WAIS has gone
  through several revisions.
• The latest revision ,the WAIS-III, is designed
  for persons 16 to 89 years of age.
• WISC III as has a scale for children bwt 5-15
• WPPSI scale for children bwt 4 to 6

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• Rorschach Test. Ink blots serve as stimuli for
  free associations particularly helpful in
  psychodynamic formulation and assessment of
  defense mechanisms and ego boundaries.
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The patient is
  asked to consider pictures of people in a variety
  of situations, and is asked to make up a story
  for each card. This test provides information
  about needs, conflicts, defenses, fantasies, and
  interpersonal relationships
• Rosenzweig picture frustration study

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• Sentence Completion Test (SCT). Patients are
  asked to finish incomplete sentences, thereby
  revealing conscious associations. Provides
  insight into defenses, fears and preoccupations
  of the patient.
• Draw-a-Person Test (DAP). The patient is asked to
  draw a picture of a person, and then to draw a
  picture of a person of the opposite sex of the
  first drawing. The drawings represent how the
  patient relates to his environment, and the test
  may also be used as a screening exam for brain
  damage.

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• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  (MMPI). A battery of questions assessing
  personality characteristics. Results are given in
  10 scales.
• 16 PF

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MMPI-2 CLINICAL SCALE

• HYPOCHONDRIASIS
• DEPRESSION
• HYSTERIA
• PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIANCE
• MASCULINITY-FEMINITY
• PARANOIA
• PSYCHASTHENIA
• SCHIZOPHRENIA
• HYPOMANIA
• SOCIAL INTROVERSION

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

• These are the main psychometric tests, which
  measure different aspects of neuropsychological
  performance ranging from overall intelligence to
  specific domain of memory
• Wisconsin Card Sort. A test of frontal lobe
  function.
• it is used to assess abstract reasoning and
  flexibility in problem solving .
• Person with schizophrenia and damaged frontal
  lobe give abnormal responses.

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• A. Bender Gestalt Test. A test of visual-motor
  and spatial abilities,useful for children and
  adults.
• Designed by lauretta bender
• Test material consists of 9 separate design

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• Halstead-Reitan Battery and Luria-Nebraska
  Inventory
• Standardized evaluation of brain functioning
• Assess expressive and receptive language,
  memory, intellectual reasoning and judgment,
  visual-motor function, sensory-perceptual
  function and motor function.

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Halstead-Reitan Battery

• The battery is composed of ten tests
• category test
• Tactual performance
• Rhythm test
• Finger oscillation
• Speech sound perception test
• Trail making test
• Critical flicker frequency
• Time sense test
• Aphasia screening test
• Sensory perceptual test

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Memory test

• Wechsler memory scale
• The Wechsler memory scale is the most widely used
  memory test battery for adults. It is a composite
  of verbal paired associates and paragraph
  retention ,visual memory for designs,orientation,d
  igit span and counting backward.
• The scale yields memory quotient(MQ),which is
  corrected for age and generally approximates the
  wechsler adult intelligence scale intelligence
  quotient.

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• Egkorsakoffs syndrome are characterized by
  disproportionately low MQ but relatively
  preserved IQ.
• Bentson visual retention test
• It is sensitive to short term memory loss.

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Instruments for measuring symptoms

• Ratings of anxiety symptoms
• Hamilton anxiety scale
• Clinical rating scale
• The state-trait anxiety inventory
• Rating of depressive symptoms
• Hamilton rating scale for depression
• Beck depression inventory
• Montgomery Asberg depression rating scale

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• Ratings of other symptoms
• Yale brown obsessive compulsive scale
• Young mania rating scale
• Rating of motor symptoms
• Rating of symptoms of schizophrenia
• Rating of broad groups of symptoms
• General health questionnaire
• Brief psychiatric rating scale
• Quality of life style

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Computer in assessment

• One of the most dramatic innovation in clinical
  assessment during last 40 years has been the
  increasing use of computers in individual
  assessment.
• Computers are effectively used in assessment both
  to gather information directly from an individual
  and to assemble and evaluate all the information
  that has been gathered previously through
  interviews,tests and other assessment procedures.

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• Computer can perform a wide range of assessment
  tasks.
• It can supply a probable diagnosis, indicate the
  likelihood of certain kinds of behavior ,suggest
  the most appropriate form of treatment ,predict
  the outcome and print out a summary report
  concerning the subject.
• Computer is more superior to a clinician because
  it is more efficient and accurate in recalling
  stored material.
• Clinician are more reluctant to use computer
  based test interpretation.

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Reasons for reluctance

• Clinicians trained before computer age are
  uncomfortable
• Mechanized look of questionnaire and answer
  sheet.
• Lack of interest
• Are human mental practitioners in danger of
  being replaced by computers?

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Advantages of computerized clinical interview

• Computers can ask a specific set of questions in
  a predetermined order,whereas human being may
  omit critical items or steer the interview toward
  less important topics.
• Clients are less embrassed
• They free clinicians to spend more time in
  providing direct clinical services.
• Reveals their personal information with out being
  self conscious
• Capable as a skilled clinician

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CASPER

• Computerized interview system named CASPER
• a branching program that follow upon problems
  suggested by clients responses.
• Consists of interview question and response
  option.

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THANK YOU !