The SABER Instrument Aboard the TIMED Satellite

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Educator Opportunities
Offered by Hampton University and NASA
Satellite-Based Research Missions
Barbara Maggi, Outreach Director Hampton
University Center for Atmospheric Sciences
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• Cloud Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite
  Observations
• The first satellite that will use a laser to the
  atmosphere
• Is part of the A-Train of satellites which will
  give us more accurate information allowing better
  predictions related to climate change
• Will involve students nationally and
  internationally in collecting measurements with a
  hand-held sun photometer

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• Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere
• Will study clouds often referred to as
  noctilucent clouds
• Usually observed in high latitudes
• Will answer the question, Are they harbingers of
  global warming?

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Standards-Based ProfessionalDevelopment Workshops

• CALIPSO will offer 2 workshops (Colorado and
  Hampton)
• AIM will offer 2 workshops (both in
  Alaska)
• Educator teams will be selected nationwide for
  participation
• 3 members per team administrator,science teacher,
  teacher skilled in technology
• If you are interested please put your name on our
  mailing list or contact Barbara Maggi at
• Barbara.maggi_at_hamptonu.edu

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Transition to SABER
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The SABER Instrument Aboard the TIMED Satellite

• Hampton UniversityInterdisciplinary Sciences
  CenterDianne Q. Robinson, Barbara H. Maggi
  Aileen M. Seshun, Sherrye Pollard, March 2003

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Hampton Universitys SABER Education Public
Outreach

• Principal Investigator James M. Russell, III,
  Ph.D.
• Outreach Director - Dianne Q. Robinson, Ph.D.
• Assistant Outreach Director - Barbara H. Maggi
• Education Coordinator - Aileen M. Seshun
• Teacher Advisor Sherrye Pollard
• Teacher Advisor Karen Steele

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Acronyms Defined
SABERSounding of the Atmosphere UsingBroadband
Emission Radiometry
TIMED ThermosphereIonosphereMesophere
Energetics Dynamics
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TIMED Mission

• Sun-synchronous (polar orbiting) satellite
  located approximately 388 miles (625 km) above
  Earth. Orbit cycle is approximately 1.7 hours /
  14 orbits a day (7 ascending/7 descending).
• Focus on least understood portion of the Earths
  atmospheric region (MLTI) extending from 40-110
  miles (60 km to 180 km) above the Earth.
• Collected data is being used to predict weather
  global warming.
• Mission duration anticipated to be two years.

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SABER Mission

• Produce a global picture of how the MLTI region
  changes over time.
• Analyze take measurements of processes
  governing the energetics, chemistry, dynamics,
  transport of the atmospheric region where the
  energy chemistry are unique from other
  atmospheric regions
• Make global day / night vertical profile
  measurements of atmospheric temperature, density,
  pressure.
• There are fewer molecules in the MLTI,
  affecting how the atmosphere radiates
  absorbs heat. This includes fewer aerosols.

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Two Points to Clarify
TIMED is the satellite which will study the
variability of the Mesosphere Lower
Thermosphere/Ionosphere region (MLTI).

• SABER is one of the four instruments on board
  the TIMED spacecraft.

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Artists Concept of TIMED
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SABER as a Remote Sensor

• SABER is a passive remote sensor, because it
  observes the atmosphere like a camera without a
  flash. (In contrast, an active remote sensor
  would be like a camera that has to illuminate its
  subject with a flash in order to take a picture.)
  
• SABER will observe atmospheric infrared
  backscatter. (Backscatter is the scattering of
  light off of particles in the backward direction.)

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SABER as a Remote Sensor (continued)

• Solar radiation will illuminate the atmosphere
  from behind the spacecraft, like a flashlight,
  stimulating the atmosphere to emit infrared
  radiation.
• SABER will observe the infrared radiation using
  an instrument called a multispectral
  radiometer.
• A moving mirror instrument allows SABER to
  observe a variety of altitudes in the region of
  study.

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Views of SABER Instrument
http//saber.larc.nasa.gov/
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SABER Background

• Built by Utah State University Space Dynamics
  Laboratory is managed by NASA Langley Research
  Center.
• Launched on December 7, 2001 from Vandenberg Air
  Force Base
• Is a multi-channel radiometer measuring infrared
  energy emitted by the atmosphere over a broad
  altitude spectral range.

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Upper Atmospheres Radiation Budget
First

• Types of Measurements
• Energy balance between Earths incoming
  outgoing energy in Earths upper atmosphere
• Infrared radiation emitted by the upper
  atmosphere
• Strength of heat by ultraviolet radiation from
  the Sun (airglow)

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Airglow from Earths Limb
When sunlight comes into contact with chemically
active molecules, the atmosphere emits energy
through photochemical processes known as airglow.
Red high airglow emission / Blue low airglow
emission. (http//oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS.SABER.htm
l)
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TIMED Watches Earth's Response to Strong Solar
Storms in April 2002
High values (yellow red)
Low values (green blue)
Photo Credits Attributed to NASA / Hampton
University(http//www.timed.jhuapl.edu/TIMED_Data
/saber_data.html)
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Atmospheric Structure Dynamics

• SABERs observations will
• Provide new informationabout how
  temperature,density, pressure changewith
  altitude.
• Track the movement of airbetween the poles,
  fromlower to upper atmosphericregions, from
  season to season around the globe.

Chart by R. Bradley PierceNASA LaRC
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Key Gases in the Upper Atmosphere

• Gases that warm cool the MLTI region through
  absorption of solar radiation emission of
  infrared radiation (heat energy)
• SABER measures the vertical distribution of these
  gases

• Parameter
• CO2
• O3
• O2 (?)
• CO2
• OH(V)
• NO
• H2O

• Wavelength (?m)
• 14.9 15.2
• 9.6
• 1.27
• 4.3
• 2.0 1.6
• 5.3
• 6.9

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Key Gases (continued)
First

• SABER will make the first-ever measurements of
  the global distribution of carbon dioxide
  concentrations in the MLTI region.
• SABER will also provide the first measurements of
  ozone during the day at night in the MLTI
  region.

First
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SABER E/PO Deliverables(Education Public
Outreach)

• SABER Educational Web Site
• Will be developed by Hampton University linked
  to John Hopkins University Applied Physics
  Laboratory TIMED web site
• Will contain scientific information teacher
  activities
• NASA Connect (grades 5 - 8)
• Will work with NASA Langley to develop a program
  incorporating the TIMED mission including a
  segment on the SABER instrument

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SABER E/PO Deliverables(continued)

• SABER Teacher Training
• Conduct workshops on SABER instrument TIMED
  mission
• SABER Conference Presentations
• Conduct presentations to inform the general
  public, educators, students

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Benefits to Educational Institutions

• Association with NASA, Hampton University, John
  Hopkins University
• Technology involvement in Real Time / Real Life
  dissemination/explanation of actual scientific
  research
• Professional Development for teachers
• Publish lesson plans activities on the SABER
  website
• Building of interest enthusiasm for students to
  study science, math, technology
• Exposure of students to new careers in science,
  math, technology

Schools, universities educators, students
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The TIMED Education Website
http//www.timed.jhuapl.edu/education2/new_index.h
tml
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SABERSchematic TIMEDTeachers Lesson Plan

• Objectives
• Work with ratio, proportion, scale drawing,
  coordinate graphing
• Locate objects on a coordinate grid
• Enlarge a picture of SABER using coordinates

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Classroom Activities
High School Activity - 'Exothermic Endothermic
Chemical Reactions of Hot Cold Materials
(developed at Perquimans County High School,
Hertford, NC) Are you looking for a new way to
teach your students about remote sensing? Our
website will show you how to use a cola can to
build a remote sensing tool that models the SABER
instrument riding on the TIMED satellite.

• Middle School Activity - 'How SABER 'Sees' the
  Earth' (developed at W.E. Waters Middle School,
  Portsmouth, VA)See how a hula-hoop can simulate
  TIMED's orbit as it rotates around the Earth in
  it's matched Earth orbit around the sun. At the
  same, learn how the instrument looks NOT at the
  Earth itself, but through the atmosphere called
  the limb, how this provides unique measurements
  for the first time.

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Celebrate What Youve Learned

• Remember when I described the difference between
  TIMED SABER? Who can tell us what that
  difference is?
• SABER looks at the Earths ____________ _______.
• Name at least one of the Firsts for SABER.
• Who can mention one other interesting fact about
  this instrument?

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Transition to High School Presentation
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Things You Should Know

• Axis Earths tilt is 23.5 (change or wobble is
  too small to be noticed)
• (Good review http//www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/mses
  e/dinosaurflr/tilt.html)
• Earth rotation 24 hours / 1 day / 360 /
  counterclockwise around axis (toward East)
• Earth orbit around sun 365 days / 1 year /
  counterclockwise (almost a perfect circle) - See
  slides 6 7 for Internet Orbit Tracking resource

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Things You Should Know (continued)

• North Pole always points toward star Polaris
  (North Star in Ursa Minor or Little Dipper)
• Differences between stars planets
• Stars - outside our solar system / generate own
  radiant light / generally much larger than
  planets
• Planets - inside our solar system / shine due to
  reflected sunlight / smaller than stars
• Sun - is a star is therefore large radiates
  its own light, BUT it is the center of our solar
  system
• Satellites - a small body revolving around a
  larger astronomical body (our Moon is a natural
  satellite)

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Things You Should Know (continued)

• TIMED is a sun-synchronous (polar orbiting)
  satellite, which orbits the Earth at the poles.
• TIMED also orbits around the sun as the Earth
  does, always maintaining the same distance from
  Earth.
• TIMED orbits approximately 388 miles (625 km)
  above Earth.
• SABER always faces the Earth with the sun behind.
  
• SABER always looks into or through theEarths
  atmospheric limb (not AT the Earthitself).

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How SABER Looks at Earths AtmosphereNote
Drawing is an artistic rendering only.
1 Have student hold inflatable globe at an
angle of the axis. Have student walk toward East
twirling globe maintaining the correct axis. 2 -
Glue TIMED model to one side of hula hoop. Have
student rotate hula hoop from North Pole to South
Pole to represent the orbit of TIMED. Since Earth
TIMED satellite orbit Sun in sync, the student
must also spin eastward around the sun as the
Earth does. SABER always looks into or through
the Earths atmospheric limb (not AT the Earth
itself). Another student can shine a flashlight
onto the globes edge as it orbits the Earth.
SABER always faces the Earth with the sun behind
it. 3 - Have a large, strong light shining on the
globe from a far side of the room.
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TIMED Orbit Data
http//www.heavens-above.com/

• Identification
• USSPACECOM Catalog No. 26998
• International Designation Code 2001-055-B
• Satellite Details
• Orbit 619 x 622 km, 74.1
• Country/Org. of Origin USA
• Launch
• Date (UTC) December 7, 2001

View from above satellite
View from above orbital plane
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TIMED Ground Track
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SABERMobile
Fun - informative
Whoops! Weve got tangles!
(www.timed.jhuapl.edu stp.gsfc.nasa.gov )
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Studying Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Using a Model of the SABER Infrared Radiometer

• Perquimans County High School, Hertford, NC
• Teacher Tonya Little-Williams
• Student Investigators
• Casey Bouch
• Erin France
• Kimberly Rucker
• Brandon Woodard
• March 2003

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Brief Overview

• By studying portions of Earth's atmosphere,
  scientists believe global change is occurring,
  primarily due to variations in the sun's cycle
  and from human-induced changes to the atmosphere
  by the release of gases, such asmethane and
  carbon dioxide. (
  www.timed.jhuapl.edu )

TIMED
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SABER Educational Opportunities

• SABER is a highly sensitive accurate
  instrument. The fundamental operations can be
  understood through the demonstration of a simple
  cola can sensor.
• Translating between voltage readings
  temperature at a given distance by recording
  numerous data points using a thermometer a
  voltmeter (digital or analog) finding other
  creative ways to employ the remote sensors
  abilities can be very instructive.

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Objective of High School Experiment

• To measure infrared radiation fromexothermic
  endothermic reactions using the Cola Can
  Contraption (CCC).

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Our Experiment

• This investigation models the SABER instrument
  using a Cola Can Contraption (CCC) a voltmeter
  .
• The Cola Can Contraption was designed by Charles
  Hill of Hampton University.

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Building the Cola Can Contraption

• Step by step assembly instructions for classroom
  building of the CCC remote sensing device can be
  found on the Hampton University SABER website.
• The procedure is divided into four parts
• Parts I, II, III can be done by three groups of
  students designated to work on each part
  separately. These parts may be completed in an
  arbitrary order.
• Parts II III both require a PC circuit board,
  but since the circuit board required in Part II
  is used only to measure the positions of the
  holes to be drilled, it can be borrowed from
  Group III. Part II offers instructions on
  preparing the aluminum project enclosure in which
  a circuit board will be mounted.
• Part IV must be completed after the previous
  three are completed.

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The Cola Can Contraption
The Sensor
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Materials and Resources for the Experiment

• CCC - simulated SABER instrument
• Thermometers
• Voltmeter
• 25 g calcium chloride
• 25 g ammonium nitrate
• 250 ml distilled water
• Two 400 ml beakers or flasks
• Stirring rods

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Using the Cola Can Contraption

• Purpose to detect infrared heat from a distance
  (remotely) up to about 4 feet.
• Measurement hotter the object, the more
  infrared light is emitted, the greater the
  fluctuation of the voltmeter reading.
• Experiment to compare voltage readings
  temperature at a given distance by recording
  numerous data points using a known thermometer
  (in-situ) a voltmeter connected to a remote
  sensor (the CCC).
• Difference the CCC measures a continuous, wide
  range of wavelengths, treats them the same,
  while SABER can discriminate between wavelengths
  contributed by distinct chemical species move
  to record their positions.

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The Beginning
Measure the water BEFORE adding chemicals
Calcium chloride weighing in at 25 grams
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The Experiment
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Infrared Output
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Temperature Output
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Conclusion

• Ammonium Nitrate Water produces an endothermic
  reaction that lowers atmospheric temperatures
  absorbs heat energy.
• Calcium Chloride Water demonstrates an
  exothermic reaction that raises temperatures
  releases (emits) heat into the atmosphere.

We did it!
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The Cola Can Contraption (Gizmo)
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Gizmo, Tester, Thermal Blanket
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Gizmos Internal Components
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Gizmos Internal Components with Cola Can Receiver
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CCC Items
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• Also needed
• Epoxy glue
• Empty soda pop can
• A few feet of AWG 22 solid wire with red
  insulation
• A few feet of AWG 22 solid wire with black
  insulation
• Three small paper clips (1.25 long) for each CCC
• EDG TPS 424 Thermopile Infrared Sensor

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Replacement Parts
62
Steel Machine Hex Nuts 6-32 1.69 Catalog
Number 64-3019Quantity 30.
Thermopile DetectorsThermopile detectors
recognize thermal radiation. When there is a
difference in temperature between the contact
points of two different materials, electric
voltage is produced. The thermopile detector is a
common mode receiver, i.e. the output signal is
proportional to the incident infrared radiation
modulation using a mechanical chopper is
unnecessary. Thermopiles are well suited for the
simple construction of infrared measurements.
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Infrared detectors for non-contact temperature
measurement in consumer applications TPS 434
Series min typcial max remarks Responsivity
V/W 75 500K, 1Hz Noise nV/vHz 21
r.m.s., 300K, 1Hz Resistance kW 28
Sensitive area mm2 0, 5x0, 5 Spectral Range
5,5...14µm Encapsulation TO-5 hermetically
sealed
To order the EGG TPS 424 or 434 Thermopile
Infrared sensor, call EGG Heimann
Optoelectronics at 1-800-995-0602. The address
for Heimann is 111 Park Drive, Montgomeryville,
PA 18936 USAOther distributors of EGG Heimann
Thermopile sensors include Cheverel
Optoelectronics( http//www.cheverel.co.uk/ )
and Perkin Elmer Optoelectronics(
http//optoelectronics.perkinelmer.com/index.asp
) Jim Dell (PA) / 215-412-9444