Geographic Names

1

• Geographic Names
• NACO Training

DAY 4
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Geographic Names Documentation

• MARC 21 Authority Format
• AACR2 and LCRIs
• (Chapter 23, 24, and 26)
• CPSO announcements

3
Geographic Heading Use in Name Authority File

• Jurisdictions (governments and communities that
  are not governments) (24.3E and 23.1)
• 151 Massachusetts
• not Commonwealth of Massachusetts
• 151 Ireland
• not Eire
• not Republic of Ireland
• 151 Hollywood (Los Angeles, Calif.)

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Geographic Heading Use in Name Authority File

• Areas of administration (LCRI 23.1)
• 151 East Bay Regional Park District (Calif.)
• Qualifiers to other name or subject headings
  (24.4C)
• 151 Midlands Museum (Zimbabwe)
• Cross references required by rules (AACR2 24.17,
  26.3A7 LCRI 23.4F2, 26.3A7)
• 110 2 National Arts Council of South Africa
• 410 1 South Africa. b National Arts Council

5
General rule for names

• Use English form if there is one in general use -
  determine this from gazetteers and other
  reference sources published in English-speaking
  countries.
• In case of doubt, or if there is no
  English-language form, use the vernacular (AACR2
  23.2)

6
Required Reference Sources

• American names
• Consult GNIS http//geonames.usgs.gov and/or
• Rand McNally Commercial Atlas Marketing Guide
• Canadian names
• Use LAC form of heading if found, or if not
  found, establish hdg. and report to LAC for
  verification using the Web form (DCM Z1, 1XX)
• http//www.loc.gov/catdir/pcc/naco/LAC-nacohdgform
  .html
• Other places
• Consult GEOnet http//earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/
  or other source prescribed in LCRI 23.2

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GNIS Query Form
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GNIS Query Results
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GNIS Record
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Authority Record in OCLC
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BGN (GEOnet) Query Form
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BGN Group Search Results
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Authority Record in OCLC
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Reasons for Creating A Geographic NAR

• Research is required
• Conflict is absolute

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Reasons for Creating a Geographic NAR
GEOnet search conventional form Copenhagen

• Need to record variants
• LCRI 23.2 English forms
• 151 Copenhagen (Denmark)
• Vernacular forms of name (23.2A)
• 151 Livorno (Italy)

English form, Leghorn, no longer in general use
GEOnet search native name Livorno
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Reasons for Creating a Geographic NAR

• Need to establish a heading for a government body
  entered subordinately
• Sitka (Alaska). Harbor Dept.
• if Sitka (Alaska) is not yet established, it
  must be established now to complete the hierarchy

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Reasons for Creating a Geographic NAR

• Need to establish a heading (name or subject) for
  a geographic qualifier
• Bear Lake (Aleutians East Borough, Alaska)
• if Aleutians East Borough (Alaska) is not yet
  established, it must be established now to
  complete the hierarchy

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Treatment of Initial Articles and Abbreviation

• Modifications of the name due to initial articles
  (LCRI 23.2)
• Los Angeles (Calif.)
• Dalles (Or.) not The Dalles (Or.)

19
Treatment of Initial Articles and Abbreviation

• Modifications due to abbreviations (LCRI 23.2)
• UK and Republic of Ireland always abbreviate
  St. and Mt.
• Canada follow LAC decision
• United States and elsewhere always spell out
  Saint and Mount for English-language place
  names

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Reasons for Creating a Geographic NAR

• Modifications of the name (LCRI 23.2)
• Special decisions
• China, Germany, Great Britain, Korea, London,
  Soviet Union, Washington, DC
• 151 Washington (D.C.)
• 151 Adams Morgan (Washington, D.C.)
• 410 1_ Washington (D.C.). bAdams Morgan
• 151 District of Columbia
• 110 1_ District of Columbia. b Office on
  Aging

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AACR2 heading with conventional name
AACR2 previously valid heading
22
043 Geographic Area Code

• NACO participants may supply the 043 field in
  name authority records at their own discretion,
  following the guidelines in the MARC Code List
  for Geographic Areas

043 is optional
23
781 Geographic Subdivision Linking Field

• NACO participants may, at their own discretion,
  provide a 781 field in name authority records for
  geographic headings (151) when creating them for
  the NACO authority file
• Consult SCM H 830 and H 835
• Follow instructions in Z1 yellow pages, 781 field

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781 Geographic Subdivision Linking Field
781 field is optional
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667 Nonpublic General Note

• Optionally Add a 667 note to name authority
  records for geographic headings that are not
  appropriate for use as geographic subdivisions in
  subject cataloging usage (per SCM H 836) when the
  name represents an entity within a city and is
  qualified by the city name (e.g., city sections,
  districts, neighborhoods, etc.)
• Consult Z1 yellow pages, 667 field

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667 Nonpublic General Note
667 subject usage field is optional
27
Name/Heading Changes

• Two types, two treatments
• Change in actual name (151 a)
• Change in qualifier (parenthetical addition to
  name)a heading change

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Name Change

• As many NARs as names
• 23.3A, 24.3E, 24.4C4, 24.7B, etc.
• Connect with 551 w a or w b
• LCRI 26.3B-C

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Name Change
Later heading
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Heading Change

• Change in qualifier (24.4C4)
• St. Paul Lutheran Church (Skokie, Ill.) not
• St. Paul Lutheran Church (Niles Center, Ill.)
• (Church founded in 1881. Place name changed in
  1940. Church continued to exist after the citys
  name change.)
• Revise existing heading (LCRI 24.4C4, LCRI 23.4D)
• Add 451 St. Paul Lutheran Church
  (Niles Center, Ill.) w nne

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Change in qualifier (24.4C4)
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Heading Change
Change subordinate body record, as well!
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Change in Circumstances

• Change in nature of entity represented by the
  geographic name requires (24.3, 24.6)
• New heading
• Connect with 551 w a or w b

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OCLC ARN 00547866
35
OCLC ARN 03092183
667 SUBJECT USAGE NOTE NOT NEEDED!
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Additions to Geographic Names

• Always assume conflict per AACR2 23.4B and the
  LCRIin spite of LCRI 24.4C in case of doubt, do
  not add the qualifier.
• Usually add the larger jurisdiction (usually the
  country)
• Exceptions Australia, Canada, Malaysia, U.S.

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Examples

• 151 Italy (N.Y.)
• 151 Italy
• 151 London (England) (a city)
• 151 Dorset (England) (a county)
• 151 St. Ives (Cambridgeshire, England)
• 151 St. Ives (Cornwall, England)

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Additions to Geographic Names

• City sections (AACR2 23.4F2)
• 151 Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
• 151 University District (Seattle, Wash.)
• Ambiguous entities (LCRI 23.1, SCM H 405)
• 151 Emerald People's Utility District (Or.)
• Establish in the language of administration
  (24.1A, 24.25)
• 151 March Air Force Base (Calif.)

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Additions to Geographic NamesType of Jurisdiction

• AACR2 23.5, 24.6, LCRI 23.2
• 151 Cork (Ireland)
• 151 Cork (Ireland County)
• 151 Westfield (N.Y.)
• 151 Westfield (N.Y. Town)
• 151 Lublin (Poland)
• 151 Lublin (Poland Voivodeship)

Add jurisdiction type to break conflict
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Additions to Geographic Names Townships

• Apply LCRI 23.2
• For U.S. townships (called "towns" in some
  states) that encompass one or more local
  communities and the surrounding territory, do not
  include the term "township" or "town" as part of
  the name. Instead, add the term after the name of
  the state.
• If necessary, apply LCRI 23.4F
• If a name of a township conflicts with the name
  of another township within the same state, add
  the heading for the county to each name before
  the term "Township" or "Town."

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Additions to Geographic Names Townships

• Examples
• Benzinger (Pa. Township)
• Milo (Me. Town)
• Spring (Berks County, Pa. Township)
• Spring (Centre County, Pa. Township)

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Geographic Heading References

• From other forms of name (451)
• Recorded variants
• Modifications of name
• Vernacular to English
• Alternate romanization schemes
• Previously verified, full-level AACR2 form of
  heading

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Geographic Heading References

• Through jurisdiction
• City sections (LCRI 23.4F2)
• 151 Chinatown (Vancouver, B.C.)
• 410 1_ Vancouver (B.C.). b Chinatown
• Corporate bodies entered directly (24.17, LCRI
  26.3A7)
• 110 2_ Anchorage Museum of History
  and Art
• 410 1_ Anchorage (Alaska). b Museum of
  History and Art
• 410 1_ Anchorage (Alaska). b Cultural
  and Recreational Services Dept. b
  Museum of History and Art

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Geographic Heading References

• Through jurisdiction
• Military installations (LCRI 23.1)
• 151 Elmendorf Air Force Base (Alaska)
• 410 1_ United States. b Elmendorf
  Air Force Base
• 410 1_ United States. b Air
  Force. b Elmendorf Air Force Base

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Geographic Heading References

• See-also situations (LCRI 26.3B-C)
• Name change
• Change in nature of entity
• Other relationships
• 551 w nnnn (simple see also ref.-- Do
  not supply any w value) or 551 w a or w b

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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers

• Must be catalogue entry form of the name
• Punctuation specified in 23.4A1
• Contain within parentheses
• Separate name elements with commas
• Abbreviate per AACR2, Appendix B
• Order of elements in 24.6B, LCRIs 23.2, 23.4B

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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers
Qualifier must be established
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Earlier name of the larger place (LCRI 23.4B)
Geographic Names used as Qualifiers
Geographic Names used as Qualifiers
Use hdg. for the current name of the larger place
when adding the name of a large place as a
qualifier.
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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers
Name used until Oct. 1991
If the smaller place has changed its name or has
ceased to exist, use as a qualifier the name the
larger place had during the period in which the
name of the smaller place is applicable.
50
Name has ceased to exist (LCRI 23.4B)
51
Geographic Names used as Qualifiers

• Governments or jurisdictions
• (23.4, 24.6 and 24.17)
• To express character of body (24.4C2)
• To resolve conflict (24.4C3, LCRI 24.4C)
• Churches and broadcasting stations (24.10, 24.11)
• Do not include terms prescribed in 24.6 (24.4C1)

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Qualifiers to governments and jurisdictions
(23.4, 24.6, 24.17)
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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers
Character of body (24.4C2)
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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers
Resolving conflict (24.4C3, LCRI 24.4C)
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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers
Churches qualified by local place name (24.10)
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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers
Radio TV stations (24.11)
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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers

• Use the latest form of name in use in the
  lifetime of the body (24.4C4)
• St. Paul Lutheran Church (Skokie, Ill.)
• (Church founded in 1881. Place name changed from
  Niles Center, Ill. to Skokie, Ill)
• Sometimes the qualifier will not be the most
  recent form of name
• 110 2_ Historisk samfund (Christiania, Norway)
• (Ceased to exist before Christiania became Oslo)

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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers Conferences

• Add in parenthetical qualifier with date and
  numbering as appropriate separated by
  space-colon-space (24.7B1)
• 111 2_ Conference on Cancer Public
  Education d (1973 c Dulles Airport)
• Use place name as established with punctuation
  and spacing modified per 24.7B4
• 111 2_ Symposium on Glaucoma d (1966
  c New Orleans, La.)

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Geographic Names used as Qualifiers Conferences

• Two locations can be used three or more invokes
  etc. technique (24.7B4)
• If location is in name, do not add to qualifier
  (24.7B)
• 111 2_ Paris Symposium on Radio Astronomy
  d (1958)

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Government-designatedParks, Forests, etc.

• LC has implemented a two-heading policy
• Establish headings needed for the geographic
  entity as subjects tagged 151 through SACO,
  usually with a geographic qualifier
• Establish headings needed for main or added
  entries for the corporate, administrative entity
  as name headings tagged 110, with the qualifier
• (Agency name of gov.) LCRI 24.1A

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LAC Practice Exception Government-designated
Parks, Forests, etc.

• LAC establishes Canadian parks and forests as
  subject entities, since they are not corporate
  bodies in the Canadian context (DCM Z1 1XX)
• LC/PCC will follow LAC practice for Canadian
  parks and forests

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Indian tribes in the United States

• http//www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/tribes.html
• Indian tribes recognized by the U.S. government
  will be coded as jurisdictional geographic names
  (151) rather than as corporate bodies (110) as
  they were previously
• These headings may also be used as geographic
  subdivisions, subdivided directly
• Consult BIA list of recognized tribes
• http//www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/biaind.pdf

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Heading After Change to Conform with New Policy
Tribal jurisdictions are geographically
subdivided directly
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Canadian First Nation Names

• Canadian First Nation names are coded in AMICUS
  as corporate names and not as jurisdictions
  because of current system limitations (DCM Z1
  1XX)
• LC/PCC will accept the LAC coding

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• Geographic names are established as 151s
• There are no indicators
• Only subfields a and w are used with X51s in
  name authority records

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• 151s are used as 110 or 710 (1st indicator 1)
  when used as main or added entries

Authority record
Bibliographic record
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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• May be used as 651 (subject heading)

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• Geographic names always established using
  reference source
• Specific sources cited in LCRI 23.2
• GNIS for domestic names
• http//geonames.usgs.gov/
• GEOnet for foreign names
• http//gnswww.nga.mil/geonames/GNS/index.jsp

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• Conflict is absolute
• This means if there is another place in the same
  country, state, etc., with the same name, even if
  it is not in your catalog or OCLC, it must be
  further qualified (LCRI 23.4F1)

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• Cannot use geographic names as qualifiers unless
  established
• When using geographic names in qualifiers use
  comma(s) to separate elements not catalog entry
  form (AACR2 24.4A1)
• 151 Washington (D.C.) catalog entry
  form
• 151 Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMES THINGS TO REMEMBER

• Spell out Mount Saint in English headings
• Exceptions for U.K., Irish, and Canadian place
  names see LCRI 23.2
• Establish a new NAR when a jurisdiction changes
  name and

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• Connect with 5XX references

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• If change is only to larger jurisdiction, change
  NARs for 151s using that qualifier to the latest
  form of name of the larger jurisdiction (LCRI
  23.4B)
• 151 Belize City (British Honduras)
• 151 Belize City (Belize)

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• Use subfield w in 4XX for geographic name that
  has changed because of change in larger
  jurisdictions (LCRI 23.4B)

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• When using place names in subject access points
  use latest form of name unless otherwise noted
  (SCM H 708)

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• Provide 4XX for city sections through name of
  city constructed as corporate body (LCRI 23.4F2)
• 410 indicator set to 1 with b subfield

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMESTHINGS TO REMEMBER

• 4XXs through jurisdictions are made only for
  government bodies entered directly (LCRI 26.3A7)
  
• 4XXs through jurisdictions found on NARs for
  churches should be deleted if making other
  changes (LCRI 24.10B, note 2)

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GEOGRAPHIC NAMES THINGS TO REMEMBER

• Make 4XX as necessary for place names entered
  with or without the article as appropriate (LCRI
  23.2 LCRI 26.3A3)

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Geographic Names Exercises