Geographic Information Systems An Introduction

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Geographic Information SystemsAn Introduction
U82-200

• Stefan Falke
• stefan_at_wustl.edu

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Pop vs Soda vs Coke
http//www.popvssoda.com/
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Pop vs Soda vs Coke by County
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2004 Presidential Election Results
Popular
Electoral
62,040,606
Bush
286
252
Kerry
59,028,109
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http//www-personal.umich.edu/mejn/election/
States size are adjusted to be proportional to
population
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2004 Presidential Results by County
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County size is proportional to population
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What is GIS?
GIS is Geographic Information System
Traditional definition is that GIS is a set of
computer tools for accessing, processing,
visualizing, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting spatial data. GISystems Emphasis on
technology and tools GIScience Fundamental
issues raised by the use of GIS, such as
Spatial analysis Map projections Accuracy Sc
ientific visualization Implementation and
application of GIS covers a wide
spectrum Simple maps Overlaying multiple map
layers Comparing data sets (simple data
analysis) Complex statistical analysis
gis.com
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Geospatial Information Science Technology
Spatio-Temporal Data Analysis
Geospatial Policy Standards
Remote Sensing
Visualization
Interoperability
GIST
Reusable Tools
Location-based Services
Data Creation, Management, and Integration
GPS
Spatial Mapping (GIS)
Web Info Systems
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Geospatial Information Science and Technology
acquires, manages, interprets, integrates,
displays, analyzes, or otherwise uses data
focusing on the geographic, temporal and spatial
context. (GeoSpatial Workforce Development
Center at the University of Southern Mississippi)

• According to a recent Department of Labor report,
  the three most important emerging and evolving
  fields are
• Biotechnology
• Nanotechnology
• Geospatial technology
• (Gewin, V., Mapping Opportunities, Nature, 427
  (6972) 376-377, Jan. 2004)

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Spatial Data Analysis

• Turns raw data into useful information
• by adding greater informative content and value

Wisdom
Knowledge
Evidence
Data
Information
Adapted from Bolstad, 2005
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The John Snow Map

• A classic example of the use of location to draw
  inferences
• 1854 cholera outbreak in London
• Point data map indicated some spatial clustering
• Overlaying a map of water pump locations showed
  many cases were concentrated around a single pump

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GIS Layer Overlay
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GIS Software Architecture
User Interface
Viewers, Controls
Tools / Functions
Display, Analysis, Manipulation
Data Management
Data Access, Conversion
Data
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Components of GIS
GIS should be viewed as a process rather than as
merely software or hardware. (Malczewski, 1999)

• Organized collection of
• Hardware
• Software
• Network
• Data
• People
• Management

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Views to a GIS
Map view Focus on cartographic (mapping)
aspects of GIS Thematic GIS layers Input map
gt Output map
GIS is "a powerful set of tools for collecting,
storing, retrieving at will, transforming and
displaying spatial data from the real world for a
particular set of purposes"
(Burrough and McDonnell, 1998)
Database view Focus on database management
system Simple queries to retrieve and overlay
data
GIS is a database system in which most of the
data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set
of procedures operated in order to answer queries
about spatial entities in the database
(Smith et al., 1987)
Spatial analysis view Focus on analysis and
modeling Views GIS more as information science
The true potential value of Geographical
Information Systems lies in their ability to
analyze spatial data using the techniques of
spatial analysis"
(Goodchild, 1988)
Organizational (Enterprise) view An approach
to managing an organizations data, information,
and knowledge
a decision support system involving the
integration of spatially referenced data in a
problem-solving environment
(Cowen, 1988)
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A Brief History of GIS

• GIS is relatively young but mapping and spatial
  analysis preceded it by thousands of years
• Manual map overlay as a method was first
  described comprehensively in a 1950 textbook
• Mathematics for spatial analysis were developed
  in the 1930s and 1940s
• GIS evolution parallels that of general
  information technology

http//www.gisdevelopment.net/history/
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A Brief History of GIS 1960s

• The 1960s saw the advent of geographic data and
  mapping software
• First GIS was the Canada Geographic Information
  System developed for land resource measuring and
  inventory analysis
• The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and
  Spatial Analysis established
• Aeronautical Charting and Information Center in
  St. Louis
• US Defense Mapping Agency in St. Louis (then NIMA
  National Imagery and Mapping Agency, now (as of
  11/03) NGA National Geospatial Intelligence
  Agency)

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A Brief History of GIS 1970s

• Gridded data analysis programs
• Rudimentary graphics
• ESRI (Environmental Science and Research
  Institute) established
• Intergraph founded
• Increased GIS use by government agencies

• Satellite imagery (Landsat)
• Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME) for census
  areas

• GIS Functions for points and polygons

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A Brief History of GIS 1980s

• ESRI ArcInfo
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• GIS Journals and Conferences
• MapInfo
• TIGER (Topographically Integrated Geographic
  Encoding and Referencing) Census project
• Academic GIS courses
• Widespread acceptance across disciplines
• Increased availability of satellite imagery

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A Brief History of GIS 1990s
Migration to PC Open GIS Consortium
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) Web
GIS GIS Day (annual event in November)
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A Brief History of GIS 2000s

• WebGIS
• Wireless (PDAs, cell phones)
• Embedded Sensor Networks
• Distributed Databases
• GIServices

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Special Spatial Nomenclature
Geographic Limited to phenomena and problems
relating to Earths surface and
near-surface Spatial Any space, including
geographic, but not restricted to geographic
coordinate space, e.g. medical imaging,
Mars Geospatial A recent term to represent the
subset of spatial applied specifically to the
Earths surface. (synonymous with geographic)
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Course Objectives

• Understand the fundamental principles of GIS
• Gain background and hands-on experience with
  software tools for working with spatial data.
• Appreciate the complexities involved in data
  processing, analysis, and mapping

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Course Outline
Date Topic Reading
31-Aug GIS Overview Bolstad Chp 1
7-Sep Geospatial Data Longley Chp 3
14-Sep Projections and Coordinate Systems Bolstad Chp 3
21-Sep Feature Analysis Bolstad Chp 9
28-Sep Surface Analysis Bolstad Chp 10/11
5-Oct Spatial Data Analysis Bolstad Chp 12
12-Oct Spatial Modeling / Web GIS Bolstad Chp 13
19-Oct Exam / Project Presentations
Problem Set 1
PS 1 due PS 2
PS 2 due
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Texts
Bolstad, Paul GIS Fundamentals A First Text on
Geographic Information Systems, 2nd Edition,
Eider Press, 2005. (http//www.paulbolstad.net/gis
book.html) Longley, Paul Michael Goodchild
David Maguire and David Rhind Geographic
Information Systems and Science, 2nd Edition,
John Wiley Sons, 2005 Gorr, Wilpen and Kristen
Kurland GIS Tutorial Workbook for ArcView 9,
ESRI Press, 2005
All are on reserve at the Earth Planetary
Science Library
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Project

• The project involves working through a GIS
  application using data of interest to you. Key
  aspects of the project are to bring in data into
  GIS and use GIS to gain new insight into the
  data.
• Paper describing the project data, methods,
  tools, and results. (3-5 pages)
• Presentation summarizing the project. (about 5
  minutes)
• Paper and Presentation are both due on October
  19.

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Grading
Problem Sets 30 Exam 30 Project 30 Class
participation 10
Late Policy
Problem sets are due two weeks after they are
assigned. They should not be late.
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Information Request
Please send an email to stefan_at_wustl.edu with the
following Name Email Department/Organization
Level/Position Interest in course Previous
experience with GIS
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Telesis
http//capita.wustl.edu/ENVE424/

• Webpage will contain
• Class syllabus
• Lecture slides
• Online links to resource materials

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Homework

• Determine your logistics for this course
• Buy or use library copies of texts?
• Next week we will go through Tutorials 23 in
  Gorr
• Where to use ArcGIS outside of class?
• Begin thinking about your project topic

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GIS Software Packages
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GIS Market
Estimated 2004 revenue - 2 Billion (10 growth
over 2003) Software (64) Services (24) Data
Products (8) Hardware (4) Market Share (2003)
ESRI - 34 Intergraph - 13 Autodesk -
9 IBM GIS Business Unit- 9 GE Energy -
8 Leica Geosystems- 7 Mapinfo - 4 Other
- 16 Largest market for GIS Software
Utilities industry (21), followed by state and
local governments
Others Idrisi GRASS
Manifold
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ArcGIS System Architecture
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ArcGIS Main Components
ArcCatalog
ArcMap
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ArcMap
Central ArcGIS application Handles map-based
tasks
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ArcToolbox
Contains the tools for geoprocessing
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ArcCatalog
Organizes and manages GIS data
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ArcCatalog
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GIS Data Formats
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Working in ArcGIS
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Spatial Analyst
Raster and Vector Analysis
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Geostatistical Analyst
Advanced spatial analysis
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3D Analyst
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ESRI ArcGIS
Username U82-200 Password Ge0graphic
Create a directory with your name under My
Documents Copy data for tutorial 1 to your
directory
To start ArcMap - Select Start Button - Go
to Programs-gt ArcGIS -gt ArcMap