Introduction to GIS

1
Introduction to GIS
2
GIS Creating a New World
Human Values
Inventory
Design Plan
Analyze
Decide
Implement
Model
3
GIS
Network Computing
Integration of Two Technologies
4
GIS Data
Collected for Specific Project or System
Published and Shared with Many Users
5
What Do We Know About GIS?

• G Stands for Geographic
• GIS Has Something to do With Maps
• GIS Has Something to do With Computers

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The Next Thing We Know...

• We are Dealing With New Concepts
• We are Dealing With New Technologies
• Whatever it is, its Most Likely Expensive

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What is GIS? (The Personal Definition)
Software for ManagingSpatial (Mappable)
Information
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What Do We Know About Maps?
What Do We Know About Maps?
Types of Maps (Familiar Examples)

• Street Maps
• Environmental Maps
• Census Maps
• Satellite Imagery

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What Do We Know About Maps?
Information on a Typical Map

• Location of an Object
• Information About an Object

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What Do We Know About Maps?
Problems Using Maps

• Objects Can be Off the Map
• Information Can be Missing or Out of Date
• What You See is What You Get (Static)

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What Can GIS Do?
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GIS Makes Static Maps Dynamic

• Move Around Using pan/zoom/jump
• Change Symbology lines/colors/icons/fonts
• Show Multiple Information Sets
• Turn Information Sets on/off

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GIS Provides a Worksheet for Mapping Spatial
Information

• Projection
• Orientation
• Coordinate System
• Scale
• Spatial (Visual) References

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GIS Maps Spatial Objects as Graphic Features

• Points
• Lines
• Polygons
• Symbols
• Text

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GIS Links Graphic Features to Tabular Data
(Attributes)

• Spatial Coordinates
• Symbology
• Descriptive Information

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GIS Displays Spatial Data As Themes
GIS Displays Spatial Data as Themes

• Spatial Data Features Attributes
• Themes Can be Turned On and Off
• Themes Can be Layered
• Theme Data Can be Scale Dependent

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GIS Provides Graphic and Boolean Selection Tools
for Making Queries

• Select by Graphic Feature
• Select by Tabular Attribute

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GIS Provides Variety of Analytical Tools

• Classify Data
• Compare Data
• Intersect Graphic Features
• Buffer Graphic Features
• Overlay Graphic Features
• Spatial Modeling

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GIS Provides Tools for Presenting Spatial Data

• Maps
• Charts
• Reports

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What Can GIS Do For Us?

• Provides Common Spatial Data Format
• Promotes Data Sharing
• Enhances Communication
• Facilitates Decision Making

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What is GIS? (The Systems Definition)

• Hardware
• Computers
• Networks
• Graphic Devices
• Software
• GIS Software
• Database Software
• OS Software
• Network Software
• Data
• Vector Data
• Raster Data
• Image Data
• Attribute Data

• People
• Administrators
• Managers
• GIS Technicians
• Application Experts
• End Users
• Consumers
• Approaches
• Guidelines
• Specifications
• Standards
• Procedures

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What Can GIS Do for Me?
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Fundamental GIS Architecture
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Thematically Distributed GIS

• Physically Discrete
• Virtually Integrated

Facilities
Demographics
Basemap
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Spatially Distributed GIS

• Physically Distributed
• Virtually Continuous

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Logical GIS Architecture
Low- End GISs
GIS Data Server
SQL RDBMSs
High- End GISs
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We Use GIS

• Data Management
• Improved Efficiency
• New Methods
• Integrative
• Analytic
• Cross-cutting
• Visual
• Comprehensive

for Better Decisions
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Linkages
GIS
Image Processing
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Linkages
CAD/Engineering
GIS
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GIS
Expands Our Insights
A Powerful Learning Environment
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Spatial Analysis
Geometric Analysis
Network Analysis
GIS Data Model
Cartographic Output
Raster Analysis (GRID)
Modeling Interfaces
Visualization
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GIS Applications
GIS Efforts
Access
GIS Data Collection
Available GIS Data
Time
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GIS Is a Lot More Than Just Technology
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People
Software
Data
GIS
Procedures
Hardware
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GIS Software Functions

• Data Entry
• Digitizing, Data Conversion, Attribute Entry
• Data Management
• Efficient, Nonredundant Storage
• Data Manipulation and Analysis
• Projection Management
• Buffers and Overlays
• Query and Selection
• Map Updating
• Graphic and Attribute Editing
• Display and Output
• Cartographic Design, Plotting, Reporting

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Benefits of Using GIS

• Typical Benefits of Using Automation (Cost
  Savings)
• Better Data Management (More Efficient
  Storage and Updating)
• Faster Information Access (Better Decisions)
• Operational Efficiencies
• New Applications

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GIS Application Areas

• Base Mapping
• Oil and Gas Exploration
• Planning and Zoning
• Forest Resource Inventory
• Demographic Analysis
• Water Resources
• AM/FM
• Demographic Analysis
• Tax Assessment

• Cartographic Production
• Geologic Mapping
• Public Safety
• Land Records
• Transportation
• Legislative Redistricting
• Environmental Analysis
• Teaching and Research
• Many Others

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GIS Functions

• Make Maps (Customers, Markets, Competition)
• Site Facilities
• Route Vehicles
• Analyze Markets
• Understand Consumer Patterns
• Target Customers
• Allocate Sales Territories
• Allocate Customers to Facilities/Territories
• Allocate Dealers
• Manage Assets (Land, Facilities)
• Risk Assessment
• Sales Analysis

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GIS Functions

• Site Selection
• Market Analysis
• Demographic Analysis
• Territory Allocation
• Customer Mapping
• Facility Management
• Assets Management
• Risk Assessment
• Vehicle Routing
• Competitive Analysis

• Targeting Customers
• Dealer Networks
• Sales Forecasting
• Sales Performance
• Market Share Penetration
• Lead Tracking
• Trade Area Analysis
• Map Presentations
• Inventory Management
• Property Acquisition/Disposal

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GIS Functions

• Site Selection
• Market Analysis
• Demographic Analysis
• Territory Allocation
• Customer Mapping
• Facility Management
• Assets Management
• Risk Assessment
• Vehicle Routing
• Competitive Analysis

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GIS Functions

• Targeting Customers
• Dealer Networks
• Sales Forecasting
• Sales Performance
• Market Share Penetration
• Lead Tracking
• Trade Area Analysis
• Map Presentations
• Inventory Management
• Property Acquisition/Disposal

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High-End GISs Do Far More Than Just Display Maps
High-End Desktop GISs

• Analysis
• Modeling
• Data Integration
• Networking
• Customizable Displays

Low-End Mapping Systems
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Low-End Mapping Systems Have Very Limited
Capabilities
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Five Parts of GIS
People
Hardware
Data
GIS
Software
Procedures
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GIS Sixth Part
Applications
People
Data
Hardware
GIS
Procedures
Software
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Services Involvement
People
Applications
Data
Hardware
GIS
Procedures
Software
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Geographic Information Will Be Increasingly
Available and Interrelated
Special Interest Groups
General Education
National Agencies

• Higher
• Education

Local Government Agencies
Business
The Public
International Organization
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Information From Many Sources Can Be
Integrated for Problem Solving

• Land Use

Legal
Other
Environmental
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GIS on theInternet Will AllowUs to Share Our
Data Knowledge in New Ways
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GIS Providesa UnifyingFramework forThinking
Globally and Acting Locally
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Citizens
Inventory
Geographic Knowledge
The World
Decision Support
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Vision

• Schools
• on the
• network

Electronic Highway
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Vision

• Every home
• on the
• network

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New Partnerships
Private Co.s
Networks
Government

• Schools

Libraries
Citizens
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Converging Technologies
Cable TV
GPS
Multimedia Computer
Personal Computing

• G I S

Desktop Software
Network Computing
Electronic Publishing
Remote Sensing
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GIS for Decision Support
Site Selection
Planning
Routing
Policies
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GIS as an Integration Technology
Data
Work Activities
Organization
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GIS As a Scientific Technology
Patterns
Relationships
Processes
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GIS As a Visual Language
Seeing / Educating
Communicating
Cooperating
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Why Use GIS?

• Increase Revenue
• Decrease Costs
• Better Service
• Lower Risk

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We Use GIS

• Perform Geographic Queries Analysis
• Improve Organizational Integration
• Data Management
• Sharing Data
• Making Maps
• Improved Efficiency

for Better Decisions
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Who Uses GIS? Target Markets

• Federal, State, Local government
• Military
• Utilities
• Transportation
• Banking
• Healthcare
• Real Estate
• and many many more organizations!!

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Areas Where GIS Helps Business

• Where are my best markets?
• Is the competition growing?
• Which Sales Territories are under-performing?
• Where should we allocate advertising dollars?
• What are the best sites for expansion?
• How can I better serve my customers?

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Areas Where GIS Helps Utilities

• Map maintenance Switching
• Distribution Analysis
• Work Order Processing
• Trouble Call Analysis
• Leak Detection (Gas)
• Load Forecasting
• Ad Hoc Mapping
• Interface to external corporate databases

• Vehicle Tracing Market Analysis
• SCADA Interface
• Environmental Monitoring
• Lease Mangmt.
• Right-of-Way Mangmt.
• One-Call (Dig Safe)

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Where GIS can help Municipal Infrastructures

• Land Use Planning
• Track Cadastral Information
• Community Development
• Aid in Crime Prevention
• E911

• Visualize Urban Structure
• Manage Local Resources
• Redistricting
• School Bus routing
• Garbage Collection Routing

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Where GIS can help Transportation

• Transportation Infrastructure Management
• Fleet and Logistics Management
• Transit Management
• Point to Point Routing
• Shortest Path
• Closest Facility
• Service Areas

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Where GIS can help the Environmental Industry

• Site Remediation
• Waste Management
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Natural Resource Management
• Policy Assessment
• Groundwater Modeling
• Environmental Compliance Permit Tracking
• Vegetation Mapping

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GIS Use Is Rapidly Growing in Many Fields
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Spatial Analysis
Geometric Analysis
Network Analysis
GIS Data Model
Cartographic Output
Raster Analysis (GRID)
Modeling Interfaces
Visualization
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Desktop GIS
Government
Network Access

• Home
• School
• Business
• Laboratories
• NGOs
• Libraries

GIS Data
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Sophisticated GIS Organization
Growing Body of Casual Users
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Desktop TechnologyWill Spread theUse of
GISThroughout Society
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Vision
Preschoolers Access the World
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Related Technologies
DBMS
Remote Sensing
CAD
GIS
Document Mgmt.
Image Processing
G.P.S.
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GIS Trends
GIS Revolution
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GIS Evolution
Societal GIS
Enterprise GIS
Data Access/Data Publishing
Departmental GIS
Network/Cooperation
Projects
Data Management
Cartography/Analysis
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Networked GIS (Global)
Networked GIS (Local)
Stand Alone GIS
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GIS Will Be Based on 3 Types of Technology

• Desktop GIS
• Professional GIS
• Information System Based GIS

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Why Is GIS Relevant to Schools?

• Geographic Literacy
• Environmental Awareness
• Sense of Place and Community
• Introduction to Basic Mathematics and Science

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GIS on the Network
GIS on the Network
Request
GIS

• Spatial Query
• SQL Query

User
Result

• Maps
• Lists
• Analysis

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GIS Helps Us Visualize and Analyze Things More
Holistically
The Concept of Geographic Place Can Be Used to
Being Together Widely Disparate Disciplines
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View
Spatial Data Base

• Reality

General Users
GIS
Special Users
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GIS Integration
User Interface
GIS
Tools
SQL
Shapes
Vectors
Images
CAD
TIN
NT
GRID
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Environmental Attributes
Map Layer
Geology
Hazard Areas
Existing Land Use
Noise Contours
Floodplain
Soils
Vegetation
Surficial Hydrology
EIR Study Areas
Planning Study Index Reference