Principles of Law Enforcement

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Principles of Law Enforcement

• Chapter 1

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Objectives

• To acquaint the student with the rich colorful
  history of policing
• To show how the US Police and the entire
  Criminal Justice System evolved from the English
  law enforcement philosophy
• To acquaint the student with early American
  Policing both urban and frontier types

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Objectives Cont

• To introduce the student to policing in the 20th
  century
• To acquaint students with the history and
  development of policing from the 1960's through
  the 1990's

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IntroductionWhere did the word police
originate?

• It comes from the Latin word politia which
  actually means civil administration.
• Politia goes back to the Greek word Polis
  which means city
• Historically the police can be seen as someone
  involved in the administration of a city
• Politia became the French word Police

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Intro Cont.

• England took over the word police and used it
  when they named the 1st public-order officers in
  1798. The officers were called Marine Police and
  they protected merchandise in the Port of London
• Police are also represented as Civil Authority
  as opposed to the military power of our
  government. We use the military in times of war
  and our civil authority to patrol our towns and
  streets

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Our Early Police

• We do not have a lot of records about early
  police
• We know early on that maintaining order and
  dealing with law breakers was considered a
  private matter
• Families committed crimes against each other and
  retaliated
• The English King put a stop to this practice

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Our Early Police Cont..

• Policing has gone through centuries of evolution.
• It really may be only a stepping stone to
  another police concept for the future
• As early as 2300 BC Sumerian Rulers codified a
  set of crimes against society
• From 849-899 King Alfred the Great structured
  people to govern themselves in small villages

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Tithing

• King Alfred the Great came up with the term
  tithing and requested that every male enroll
  for police purposes in a group of 10 families or
  more. Tithing worked well until 1066 when William
  the Conqueror invaded and conquered England
• He replaced the tithing system of home rule
  and replaced it with 55 military districts called
  shires
• The shires were headed by a Norman Officer
  called a reeve which produced the title shire-
  reeve which is now the origin of the word
  Sheriff

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English Policing- Our Heritage

• By the 17th century in England there was a day
  and a night shift
• During the day Constables served as jailers and
  performed other duties
• Citizens worked on the night watch looking for
  fires, bad weather, and disorderly individuals
• If a citizen saw a crime in progress they were
  to summon all citizens within earshot to join in
  to pursue and capture the wrongdoer

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English Policing

• By the end of the 18th century people would pay
  others to stand their watch.
• This marked the beginning of a paid police force
  and the neighborhood watch program
• The wealthy escaped duty as watchman and the
  poor who had to stand duty were as equally
  corrupt as the criminals they watched
• Also the poor were hesitant to place authority
  against the well to do

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English Policing Cont..

• By the mid 1700's New York City was in turmoil
  and London was suffering from the impact of the
  Industrial Revolution and was experiencing
  massive poverty and high unemployment
• The problem was studied between 1780 and 1820 by
  English Parliament
• Sir Robert Peel was appointed the Home
  Secretary whereas he asked for and was given
  finances to start the 1st Metropolitan Police
  Dept in 1829

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Peels Principles

• Police were to prevent crime and disorder
• The power of the police was derived from public
  approval
• Peel asked that the citizens respect and observe
  the law
• The police must be impartial
• The police should strive to maintain a
  relationship with the public the public are the
  police and the police are the public
• The test of police is the absence of crime

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Peels Other Principles

• The police should be organized like the military
• That qualified persons be hired and trained
• There should be a probationary period and
  officers should be fired if they did not meet
  standards
• The police should be under the control of the
  civil government
• There should be a central headquarters
• Records should be maintained
• Police should have patrol areas to respond

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Peels Principles Cont.

• Peels principles emphasized the interdependency
  of the police and the public as well as crime
  prevention and disorder
• As the founder of the 1st police department Peel
  noted that a policemans job was primarily crime
  prevention and social maintenance, and not crime
  detection.

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American Policing
The Colonial Experience

• The were major abuses of power in England with
  police
• They would search houses with general warrants
  and seize and arrest by orders of the king
• This carried over to America when the settlers
  established 13 original colonies in 1620.

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American Policing Cont..

• In cities the town Marshal was the chief law
  enforcement official
• The were Constables who aided the marshal and
  served as night-watchman along with the military
• Despite the presence of Law Enforcement there
  was very little law and order
• Vigilantes still settled matters privately

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American Policing Cont..
18th and 19th Centuries

• In 1838 Boston established the 1st paid police
  department in the US
• Philadelphia followed in 1844 and New York in
  1845
• By 1857 eight large US cities from Boston to New
  Orleans had consolidated police departments

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American Policing Cont..
18th and 19th Centuries

• The newly appointed chiefs found the security
  services in disarray.
• Officers were shiftless, incompetent, and
  ignorant
• They beat up superior officers
• Released prisoners from custody illegally, slept
  and were drunk on duty and could be bribed
• Policing was brutal and corrupt
• 10 years after inception officers were required
  to wear uniforms
• Officers resented uniforms as a form of
  servitude and bitterly rejected wearing a badge

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American Policing Cont..
18th and 19th Centuries

• Departments were politically corrupt and officers
  were tools of politicians
• There were also many honest hard working paid
  police officers who were considered to be a
  source of assistance.
• Police were the only govt. agency at this time
  sanctioned to assist citizens 24 hours a day
• By the late 1800's police earned 900 a year
  while blue collar workers made 450 a year

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The Frontier Experience

• Life on the American Frontier was not easy and
  there was very little law other than a county
  sheriff or a town marshal. Both were elected
• If a crime occurred the sheriff could call upon
  the posse comitatus which meant the Power of
  the County
• No one above the age of 15 could refuse to serve
  the sheriff

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The Frontier Experience Cont..

• The US Marshals Service was created in 1792
• The Marshals had federal jurisdiction and could
  call upon the militia to assist them
• State Police Agencies were formed such as the
  Texas Rangers
• By 1905 all states had State Police Agencies
  except Hawaii

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Policing in the 20th Century

• Serious attempts were made to reform the police
  from corruption and brutality
• This was known as the progressive era from
  1900-1914 whereas as outside middle class civic-
  minded reformers attempted reform
• Technology grew and the 1st police motorcycle
  was used in 1913
• The 1st police car was used in 1910 and 1st
  patty wagon in 1912
• One way radios in the 1930's and two way radio
  in the 40's

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Policing in the 20th Century Cont..

• An attempt at police reform came with the
  professional police society known as the IACP
  International Association of Chiefs of Police--
  The goal was to professionalize
• IACP became the leading voice for police reform
  during from 1900-1920
• The Pendleton Act was passed and it established
  a civil service system where officers were tested
  and promoted on a merit system

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Policing in the 20th Century Cont..

• August Vollmer incorporated university training
  as part of police training
• He invented use of psychological tests to
  recruit and hire officers
• O.W. Wilson instituted Police Administration
  courses
• He also developed workload formulas and
  instituted 1 officer vehicle patrols

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Policing in the 20th Century Cont..

• J Edgar Hoover was appointed Director of the FBI
  by president Warren G Harding in 1924.
• He remained the FBI Director until his death in
  1972
• Under his leadership he developed Uniform Crime
  Reporting in 1930 and developed the Ten Most
  Wanted List and NCIC

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Policing in the 60s and 70s

• Policing in the 60's and 70's was very difficult
  because of the most turbulent time in U.S.
  history
• Social Problems
• Struggle for Race equality
• Marches, demonstrations and riots
• Vietnam War
• Student Protests
• Police were targets of radical groups

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Policing in the 60's and 70's

• Supreme Ct Decisions focused in individual rights
• Police acts from search and seizure to arrests
  were being ruled unconstitutional
• Mapp v Ohio precipitated the exclusionary rule
• Escobedo v Illinois defined police
  interrogations
• Miranda v Arizona brought about notification
• Brown V Board of Ed brought about civil rights

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Policing in the 60's and 70's

• Activists hit the streets in marches and rallys
  to equalize the races
• Three of Americas most respected leaders were
  assassinated.
• President John Kennedy in 1963 in Dallas Tx
• Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King in 1968 in
  Memphis Tenn
• Senator Robert Kennedy in 1968 in Los Angeles
• There were campus anti-war riots
• There were urban riots in scored of cities in
  1968

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Policing in the 80's and 90's

• Police have experienced more peaceful times in
  the 80's and 90's
• Terrorism has now surfaced with the bombing of
  the WTC in 1996 and 2001, the Alfred Murray
  Federal Building in Oklahoma
• The computer revolution has led to better
  management of department and greater technology
  for tracking offenders
• There is still sporadic corruption and brutality
• Rodney King and Abner Louima cases

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Policing in the 80's and 90's Cont..

• Image is important
• We cannot erase our past
• We have to learn from it and continue on
• By our example we will have to hope we will
  never encounter the incidents of the 60's and
  70's again

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The End