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1
Section 4-1
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The pressing problems of the urban poor in the
late 1800s and the early 1900s eventually
stimulated attempts to reform industrial society.
Key Terms and Names

• Henry George

• Jane Addams
• settlement house
• Americanization

• Lester Frank Ward
• Edward Bellamy
• naturalism

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2
Section 4-5
Social Criticism

• Changes in industrialization and urbanization led
  to debates among Americans over the issue of how
  to handle societys problems.

• In 1879 journalist Henry George wrote a
  best-selling book called Progress and Poverty.
• It raised questions about American society and
  challenged the ideas of Social Darwinism and
  laissez-faire economics.

(pages 353355)
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Section 4-6
Social Criticism (cont.)

• In 1883 Lester Frank Wards Dynamic Sociology
  argued that humans were unlike animals because
  they could think and plan ahead.

• He concluded that it was cooperation and not
  competition that caused people to succeed.
• He wanted government to become more involved in
  solving societal problems.
• These ideas became known as Reform Darwinism.

(pages 353355)
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4
Section 4-7
Social Criticism (cont.)

• In 1888 Edward Bellamys Looking Backward
  20001887 became a bestseller and helped shape
  the thinking of American reformers in the late
  1800s.

• The book tells the story of a perfect society in
  the year 2000.

(pages 353355)
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5
Section 4-9
Naturalism in Literature

• Realists argued that people could control their
  lives and make choices to improve their
  situation.

• In a style of writing known as naturalism,
  writers criticized industrial society.
• They suggested that some people failed in life
  due to circumstances they could not control.

(page 355)
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Section 4-10
Naturalism in Literature (cont.)

• Prominent naturalist writers included Stephan
  Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London, and Theodore
  Dreiser.

• All wrote stories of characters caught up in
  situations they could not control.

(page 355)
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Section 4-12
Helping the Urban Poor

• Reformers began to organize to help the poor.

• Organizations such as the Social Gospel movement,
  Salvation Army, YMCA, womens clubs, settlement
  houses, and temperance movements formed to help
  the needy.
• Minister Washington Gladden was an early
  supporter of the Social Gospel movement.
• He wanted to apply Christian Law to social
  problems.

(pages 355357)
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Section 4-13
Helping the Urban Poor (cont.)

• From 1870 to 1920, members of the Social Gospel
  group worked to better conditions in cities
  through charity and justice.

• Baptist minister Walter Rauschenbusch later led
  the movement.
• He believed that competition was the cause of
  many social problems.
• This led to many churches taking on community
  functions to improve society by offering gyms,
  social programs, and daycare.

(pages 355357)
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Section 4-14
Helping the Urban Poor (cont.)

• In 1878 the Salvation Army offered aid and
  religious counseling to urban poor.

• The YMCA attempted to help industrial workers and
  urban poor through Bible studies, prayer
  meetings, citizenship training, and group
  activities.
• They had facilities that offered libraries, gyms,
  pools, and low-cost hotel rooms.

(pages 355357)
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10
Section 4-15
Helping the Urban Poor (cont.)

• Dwight L. Moody was an evangelical Christian and
  president of the Chicago YMCA.

• He founded his own church, today known as Moody
  Memorial Church.
• By 1867 Moody was so popular that he brought his
  revival meetings to other cities.
• He was against Social Gospel and Social Darwinism.

(pages 355357)
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11
Section 4-16
Helping the Urban Poor (cont.)

• He felt the way to help the poor was by
  redeeming their souls and not by providing them
  with services.

• The settlement house movement was promoted by
  reformers who felt it was their Christian duty to
  improve the living conditions of the poor.
• Jane Addams set up settlement houses in poor
  neighborhoods.

(pages 355357)
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12
Section 4-17
Helping the Urban Poor (cont.)

• Addams opened Hull House in 1889 and inspired
  many others, including Lillian Walds Henry
  Street settlement house in New York City.

• Medical care, recreation programs, and English
  classes were provided at settlement houses.

(pages 355357)
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13
Section 4-19
Public Education

• In the late 1880s, the increase of industry
  resulted in a need for better-trained workers.

• As a result, there was a need for more school and
  colleges.
• Americanization, or becoming knowledgeable about
  American culture, was key to the success of
  immigrant children.

(pages 357358)
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Section 4-20
Public Education (cont.)

• Due to the lack of educational opportunities for
  African Americans, Booker T. Washington led the
  crusade to form the Tuskegee Institute in
  Alabama in 1881.

• The grammar school system in the city divided
  students into eight separate grades to help teach
  successful habits in the workplace.

(pages 357358)
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Section 4-21
Public Education (cont.)

• The number of colleges greatly increased in the
  late 1800s.

• This was partly a result of the Morrill Land
  Grant Act, which gave federal land grants to
  states for the purposes of establishing
  agricultural and mechanical colleges.
• College attendance increased.
• The number of womens colleges also increased.

(pages 357358)
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Section 4-22
Public Education (cont.)

• Free libraries provided education to city
  dwellers.

• Andrew Carnegie donated millions toward the
  construction of libraries.

(pages 357358)
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17
Section 4-29
Close
Pose and answer questions about the methods that
social critics advocated to improve society.