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Industrial depression had begun in 1900

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Formerly loyal workers join socialists and other revolutionary groups ... Rumors of men being sent on suicide charges without weapons ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Industrial depression had begun in 1900


1
1905
  • Industrial depression had begun in 1900
  • Extreme hardship
  • Ignited series of strikes
  • War with Japan (1904)
  • Over control of territory in Far East
  • Russia defeated in every battle, land and sea
  • Had disastrous impact on morale
  • Increased discontent of peasants and workers
  • Demands mounted for establishment of legislative
    assembly and civil rights

2
BLOODY SUNDAY
  • January 22, 1905
  • Workers demonstrate peacefully in front of Winter
    Palace for moderate reforms
  • Organized by Father Gapon
  • Guards fire on demonstrators, killing or wounding
    hundreds
  • Shatters the ideal that a sacred bond existed
    between the people and paternalistic tsar who
    would look after their welfare
  • Formerly loyal workers join socialists and other
    revolutionary groups
  • Kadets and liberals stunned by event and began to
    cooperate with revolutionaries

3
THE REVOLUTION ESCALATES
  • Anti-tsarist revolution becomes broad social
    movement
  • Includes workers, peasants, national minorities,
    bourgeois intellectuals, and even members of
    armed forces
  • Sailors on battleship Potemkin mutiny in June
    1905 and kill officers
  • Other ships in Black Sea fleet refuse to fire on
    Potemkin and it eventually finds refuge in Rumania

4
OCTOBER MANIFESTO
  • Nicholas announced creation of elective Duma
    (representative assembly) in August 1905
  • Revolution continues with general strike erupting
    from October 20-30
  • Nicholas responds with further concessionsthe
    October Manifesto
  • Duma given legislative power
  • Guarantees civil rights for allincluding freedom
    of press, speech, and assembly
  • Wins over liberals, but not radicals
  • Opposition now split and revolution loses
    momentum
  • Still loyal troops used to put down remaining
    demonstrations

5
DEPRESSING AFTERMATH
  • Once danger was past, Nicholas avoided
    relinquishing any power
  • Limited power of Duma
  • Issued list of fundamental laws that the Duman
    could not change
  • Announced that tsar could dissolve Duma at any
    time and call for new elections
  • Announced tsar had sole authority over foreign
    and military policy, the succession to the
    throne, ministerial appointments, pardons, and
    court affairs
  • Finance minister would be solely responsible for
    currency issues and foreign loans
  • Tsars Council of State transformed into upper
    house with equal power to the Duma
  • Restrictions and qualifications placed on
    freedoms of speech and press
  • Duma dissolved twice between 1905 and 1907 until
    tsar got docile body he wanted

6
PETER STOLYPIN
  • Minister of Interior, 1907-1911
  • Encouraged peasants to consolidate their
    scattered strips of land into unified plots on
    the American model
  • Goal was to encourage improved farming methods
    and greater productivity and create prosperous
    (and conservative) peasantry
  • Plan implemented slowly due to bureaucratic
    foot-dragging
  • By 1915 only ten percent of peasant property had
    been consolidated
  • Stolypin assassinated in 1911, thereby ending
    momentum of his program
  • Reforms did have some positive impact

7
RASPUTIN
  • Quality of imperial leadership dramatically
    declined between 1905-1914 due to the rise of
    Rasputin
  • Wandering monk from Siberia who claimed to be a
    holy man
  • Filthy, barely literate, cruel, and utterly
    depraved
  • Tsarina Alexandra worshipped him as reincarnated
    Jesus because of his ability to stop bleeding of
    hemophiliac son, Alexis

8
RASPUTINS INFLUENCE
  • Rasputin gained powerful hold over the tsar and
    entire government
  • Asked his opinion on policy
  • Recommended people for important government jobs
  • Influenced promotions
  • Had people fired
  • Recommendations never based on qualifications
  • Always the result of bribes, sexual favors, and
    flattery
  • Extraordinarily incompetent individuals gained
    important jobs as a result of his influence
  • No one dare complain about his behavior because
    they would be fired on the spot

9
WORLD WAR I
  • Erupted on August 1, 1914
  • Russia fought on Allied side
  • With France and Great Britain
  • Against Central Powers
  • Germany, Austrian Empire, and Ottoman Empire
  • No country understood unprecedented destruction
    that war would cause
  • But Russia was the most ill-prepared of all

10
1914 DISASTER
  • Russian invades eastern Germany at start of war
  • Germany forced to pull several divisions out of
    France to met Russian threat
  • Germany defeats Russians at Battle of Tanneburg
  • Russia invades Austrian Poland
  • Germany helps defeated Austrians push Russians
    out and back into Russia
  • Eastern Front then stabilizes
  • 1914 very costly for Russia
  • 4 million casualties and replacements were poorly
    trained
  • Russia also began to run out of weapons and
    ammunition

11
HOME FRONT
  • Initial outbreak of war had united Russians
  • Except Bolsheviks
  • Then cost of war became clear
  • Huge casualties
  • Food shortages in urban centers
  • Stories of officer brutality
  • Rumors of men being sent on suicide charges
    without weapons
  • Stories of officers selling scarce supplies on
    black market
  • Stories of government corruption and incompetence
  • Ominous rumors of soldiers killing their officers
    and deserting

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12
FROM BAD TO WORSE
  • Nicholas takes personal command of Russian army
    in 1916
  • Leaves civilian government in hands of wife
    Alexandra and Rasputin
  • Rasputin murdered in December 1916 by nephew of
    tsar
  • Too late
  • Most Russians now believe that tsar was
    hopelessly incompetent
  • Rumors of palace coup to put someone else on the
    throne

13
FEBRUARY 1917 REVOLUTION
  • Caused by severe food shortages in major cities
  • Riots break out on February 23-26 in Petrograd
    over food and coal shortages
  • Workers strike to protest rising prices
  • Students demand tsars abdication
  • Nicholas sends in troops to crush demonstrations
  • Soldiers mutiny and join in
  • President of Duma notifies Nicholas that only the
    creation of a responsible government will resolve
    crisis
  • Nicholas orders Duma to disband
  • Duma stays in session

14
CREATION OF PETROGRAD SOVIET
  • Workers spontaneously set up Petrograd Soviet of
    Workers and Soldiers Deputies
  • Made up of representatives from mutinous army
    regiments and striking workers
  • Appeals on February 28 to people to remain calm
    and demands election of a constitutional
    convention to create a democratic government
  • Soviet has great deal of power because it had
    wholehearted support of workers and soldiers in
    capital
  • Saw its role at this time as safeguarding
    interests of common people and looked to Duma to
    form new national government

15
THE END OF ROMANOV DYNASTY
  • Nicholas orders more troops into Petrograd
  • They mutiny too
  • Nicholas tried to return in person to Petrograd
  • Railroad workers, under orders of Petrograd
    Soviet, refuse to move his train
  • Nicholas finally abdicates in favor of his
    younger brother Michael
  • Michael turns offer down
  • Romanov Dynasty finished
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