Chapter 5 Egypt The Gift of the Nile

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Chapter 5Egypt The Gift of the Nile

• 8th Grade Social Studies

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Egyptian Timeline

• 3400 B.C. Upper Egypt is Unified
• 3100 B.C. Old Kingdom begins with the unification
  of Upper and Lower Egypt
• 3000 B.C. Egyptians make paper from papyrus, a
  reed found in the Nile River
• 2686 B.C. The Great Pyramids are built
• 2040 B.C. The Middle Kingdom begins
• 1630 B.C. The Hyksos invade Egypt
• 1600 B.C. The New Kingdom begins
• 1372 B.C. Ikhnaton becomes pharaoh

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The Nile River

• 4000 miles long
• It forms a delta as it reaches the Mediterranean
  Sea
• It floods every spring due to the rain and
  run-off from the mountains, leaving very fertile
  soil
• A highway for trade

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The Two Most Important Egyptian GODS

• Ra the god of the sun
• Hapi the god of the river
• The sun rising in the East was a symbol of birth
  and the sun setting in the West was a symbol of
  death

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The Old Kingdom3100 B.C to 2186 B.C.

• Upper Egypt (South) and Lower Egypt (North) were
  united by Menes, who built his capital at Memphis
• Cities became centers of business used by
  caravans for trade
• Most people were farmers, others were traders
• Houses were made from mud-bricks in small
  villages on high land

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Pharaohs and Pyramids

• Egyptian rulers were called pharaohs, they were
  both kings and priests, the people thought they
  were gods
• In the Old Kingdom, the pharaohs owned all the
  land and water, and the people thought he had
  control over the rise and fall of the Nile River

• The pyramids were built as tombs for the
  pharaohs, because it was believed that they
  continued to live after they died
• They were built of stone blocks weighing 5000
  pounds each
• Building took years, but they built about 75
  pyramids that are still standing

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The Afterlife

• The Egyptians believed that life stayed the same
  after death
• They filled the tombs with treasure, food,
  clothing, jewelry, furniture, and art so they
  would have it with them
• They painted pictures of friends and servants on
  the walls, it was thought they would come to life
  magically
• Pharaohs were buried deep inside, and the room
  was sealed to protect them

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The Middle Kingdom2040 B.C.

• Capital city was located in Thebes
• Traders continued to business with faraway
  places, to help with this a canal was dug to join
  the Nile River to the Red Sea
• Learned about medicine and mathematics
• In 1630 B.C. the Hyksos from Asia invaded Egypt,
  and began to rule the land

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Old Kingdom vs. Middle Kingdom

• OLD KINGDOM
• Thought the pharaohs were gods with complete
  control
• Thought only the pharaoh would live forever
• Pharaohs were buried in pyramids

• NEW KINGDOM
• Thought the pharaohs shared their powers with
  other officials
• Thought all people would live forever
• They mummified all people and buried them in
  tombs in the cliffs

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The New Kingdom1600 B.C.

• Strong pharaohs ruled, with control of the people
  of Egypt
• Strong army
• Egyptian influence spread down into Africa

• Schools were built
• Religion changed
• Money was spent to build temples, palaces, and
  statues in the capital city of Thebes

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Hatshepsut

• The first woman pharaoh
• Responsible for increasing trade and spreading
  the Egyptian influence
• Built a beautiful temple at Thebes

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Thutmose III

• Became pharaoh after Hatshepsut died
• Organized a navy, won victories all over Asia
• Became wealthy from taxes paid by those conquered

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Ikhnaton

• Became pharaoh in 1372 B.C.
• Believed the sun god, Aton, was the only god
• Took power away from the priests and built new
  temples
• His wife, Nefertiti, and Ikhnaton gave gifts to
  Aton so his rays of sun would shine

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Gifts from the Egyptians

• Made paper from papyrus
• Learned how to set broken bones, how to check for
  a heartbeat, and to deal with fevers
• Beautiful jewelry, pottery, furniture, and
  artwork
• System of counting based on ten
• System of measurement
• Geometry