Human Dimensions in an Integrated Framework

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Human Dimensions in an Integrated Framework

• Andrew Raedeke
• Missouri Department of Conservation
• Dale Humburg
• Ducks Unlimited, Inc.

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Human Dimensions The Third Leg of the Stool
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Questions

• Is the institution of waterfowl management poised
  to keep pace with the changing social and
  ecological landscape?
• Can we continue to manage waterfowl without
  explicitly addressing human dimensions
  considerations?
• How can we incorporate hunters and hunting into
  waterfowl and habitat management?

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Question 1

• Is the institution of waterfowl management poised
  to keep pace with the changing social and
  ecological landscape?

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Evolution of Waterfowl Management in a Changing
Social Landscape
Experience of Nature
Public Discourse
Society
1900
1950
1930
1970
1980
1990
2000
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Flyways 1950s

• Humans and Habitat
• Our waterfowl are caught in the jaws of a vice.
  On the one hand the growing demands of an
  ever-increasing human population. On the other,
  a steady shrinkage of the wetland habitats which
  control waterfowl supply.
• (Mississippi Flyway Council 1958).

• Populations and Hunters
• more pleasure per bird rather than more birds
  per hunter.
• (Mississippi Flyway Council 1958).

• Populations and Distribution
• to build and maintain a widely distributed
  population of waterfowl at a level sufficiently
  high that both hunters and non-hunters can
  utilize and enjoy this outdoor resource now and
  in the future
• (Mississippi Flyway Council 1958).

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The Social Landscape - Flyways

• From horses to tractors

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NAWMP 1980s
Linking hunters to habitat When duck or goose
hunting no longer provides a viable recreation
opportunity, these areas will not be maintained.
Jack Grieb, 1985
A linkage to hunters Meeting these goals would
provide the opportunity for 2.2 million hunters
in Canada and the United States to harvest 20
million ducks annually. NAWMP, 1986
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The Social Landscape - NAWMP

• From tractors to hard drives

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We live in a different world!

• Information Revolution
• Global Society
• Shift from production to consumption-based
  landscape
• Distance no longer an obstacle

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Linking Habitat and Population Management

• Are more direct organizational connections needed
  between Joint Ventures and Flyways?
• Are more explicit connections needed between
  population and habitat management decisions?
• What will be the most effective allocation of
  staff and budget resources for harvest and
  habitat management?

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Question 2

• Can we continue to manage waterfowl without
  explicitly addressing human dimensions
  considerations?

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Duck Stamp Sales, 1934-2007
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Projected Hunter Numbers Using 1999-2006 Rate of
Loss
½ the hunters in 19 years?

• If we have half the hunters, just how much
  habitat and what size duck population will we
  need?

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Waterfowl Management in the Absence of Hunting
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Targets
Sustainability
Hunters
Objectives met through game preserves
Objectives met through climate change legislation
Populations
Habitat
More Habitat More Ducks
Future role of populations, habitat, and hunters?
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Who will provide the support for waterfowl
management?
Habitat Challenges Weakened Regs. Loss of
CRP Hypoxia Climate Change Water
Quality Water Scarcity
Types of Support Political capital Social
capital Economic Capital Cultural Capital
Population Challenges Waterfowl vs. other
species Balance among species
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Question 3

• How do we incorporate hunters and hunting into
  waterfowl and habitat management?

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Hunter Participation

• Can we more effectively accommodate hunters
  through habitat and population management?
• How should we address factors beyond habitat and
  population management?

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Distribution of Satisfaction Days
Accommodate 5,000 Hunter Satisfaction Days
1,000
1000 hunters x 5 days
500 hunters x 10 days

Hunter Numbers
500
250 hunters x 20 days
0
5
20
10
Days per Hunter
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Regional Differences in Hunter Carrying Capacity
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Carrying capacity for ducks and hunters
Habitat Acquisition
Manage Hunter Distribution

Hunter Numbers
K
Hunter Recruitment
Habitat Duck Numbers
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Harvest, Habitat, and People

• What are the impacts of harvest regulations on
  hunter distribution, participation, and
  satisfaction?
• What are the impacts of habitat management on
  hunter distribution, participation, and
  satisfaction?

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NAWMP JVs
AHM Flyways
Sustain waterfowl populations
Social factors
Sustain ecosystemprocesses
Sustain hunterparticipation
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A National Hunter Participation Plan

• A model-based plan
• A coordinated, stepped-up systems approach

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A National Hunter Participation Plan

• Objectives
• Model
• Actions
• Monitoring

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Which of the following would you prefer for a
hunter participation objective?

• Dont worry about hunter numbers
• Stabilize hunter numbers
• Increase by 10
• Increase to 1970s levels
• None of the above

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• (Turning Point Question)
• Which of the following would you prefer for a
  hunter participation objective?
• Focus on habitat and populations and dont worry
  about hunter numbers
• Stabilize hunter numbers within 10 years
• Increase hunter numbers by 10 within 10 years
• Increase hunter numbers to 1970s levels within 10
  years
• None of the above

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Hunter Participation Model

• Human Dimensions Working Group
• Hunter Participation Model
• Decisions (social psychology)
• Identity (anthropology)
• Capacity (sociology)

Temporal Scale
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Hunter Participation Model
Building Capacity
Identity Production
Individual Society
Decision to Hunt
Temporal Scale
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Shift attention away from silver bullet
strategies to model-based strategies
Model
Strategies
Reduce constraints, negotiate constraints, match
motivations Long-term mentor/apprentice
relationships Strengthen the waterfowl hunting
community
Decisions
Identity
Capacity
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• Strategies/decisions based on participatory
  methods

• Avoids like me strategies and decisions based
  on My hunters want or Our Joint Venture
  Partners want.

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• Percent indicating waterfowl hunting is their
  most important recreational activity?

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Differences Across Generations
Baby Boomers 1946-64 Leave it to
Beaver Vietnam Space Race Watergate Live to
work
Millennials 1981-2k Simpsons World Trade
Center Internet Live in moment
Matures Before 1946 Amos Andy Depression WW
II Rationing Dedicated to job
Generation X 1965-80 Brady Bunch Latch key
kids Roe v Wade Berlin Wall Work to live
Information from Missouri Training
Institute College of Business 304 Cornell
Hall University of Missouri
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• Avoid one size fits all strategies.

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Evolution of Institutions
SRCFlyways
NAWMPJVs
?
Sustain waterfowl populations
Decisions
Sustain ecosystemprocesses
Sustain hunterparticipation
Identity
Capacity
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Integrated Framework