Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body

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Chapter 1An Introduction to the Human Body

• Anatomy
• science of structure
• relationships revealed by dissection (cutting
  apart)
• imaging techniques
• Physiology
• science of body functions
• normal adult physiology studied in this text
• some genetic variations described
• Form defines Function

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Life?

• Cell is the unit of life
• Quiz-

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Levels of Organization

• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organs
• System Level
• Organismic Level

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Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical Level
• atomic and molecular level (Molecules of Life
  carbs, protein, lipids and Nucleic acid)
• Cellular level
• smallest living unit of the body (cell
  fundamental unit of life)
• Tissue level
• group of cells and the materials surrounding them
  that work together on one task
• 4 basic tissue types
• Muscle, epithelium, nerve, connective tissue

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Levels of Structural Organization

• Organ level
• grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a
  recognizable structure with a specific function.
• Organ system (eleven systems)
• collection of related organs with a common
  function
• sometimes an organ is part of more than one
  system
• Organismic level
• one living individual.

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Interaction of Organ Systems

• All major body systems will be examined
• Interaction of different systems of the body
• skin produces vitamin D needed for calcium
  absorption and bone growth
• bone marrow produces cells which help the skin
  resist infection.

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Life Processes

• Metabolism sum of all chemical processes
• breakdown of large molecules into small
• building new structural components (proteins)
• providing chemical energy for cells
• Responsiveness
• detect respond to changes in internal or
  external environment
• some typical responses
• muscle contraction, electrical signals, hormone
  or glandular secretion

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Life Processes

• Movement at any structural level
• the body, an organ, a cell or cell component
• Growth
• increase in number or size of cells or the
  material found between cells
• Differentiation
• specialization of cells for a specific function
• stem cells give rise to cells that specialize
• Reproduction
• formation of new cells or new individuals

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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URINARY SYSTEM
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Basic Anatomical Terminology

• Anatomical position
• Regions of the body
• Anatomical planes, sections and directional terms

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Anatomical Position

• Standardized position from which to describe
  directional terms
• standing upright
• facing the observer, head level
• eyes facing forward
• feet flat on the floor
• arms at the sides
• palms turned forward
• Prone position lying face down
• Supine position lying face up

anatomical position?
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Common Regional Names

• Clinical terminology based on a Greek or Latin
  root word.

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Planes and Sections

• A plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes
  through the body.
• A section is one of the 2 surfaces (pieces) that
  results when the body is cut by a plane passing
  through it.

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Sagittal Plane

• Sagittal plane
• divides the body or an organ into left and right
  sides
• Midsagittal plane
• produces equal halves
• Parasagittal plane
• produces unequal halves

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Other Planes and Sections

• Frontal or coronal plane
• divides the body or an organ into front
  (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
• Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane
• divides the body or an organ into upper
  (superior) or lower (inferior) portions
• Oblique plane
• some combination of 2 other planes

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Planes and Sections of the Brain(3-D anatomical
relationships revealed)

• Horizontal Plane
• (Transverse plane)
• Frontal Plane
• (Coronal plane)
• Midsagittal Plane

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Major Directional Terms
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Superior or Inferior

• Superior
• towards the head
• The eyes are superior to the mouth.
• Inferior
• away from the head
• The stomach is inferior to the heart.

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Dorsal or Ventral

• Dorsal or Posterior
• at the back of the body
• The brain is posterior to the forehead.
• Ventral or Anterior
• at the front of the body
• The sternum is anterior to the heart.

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Medial or Lateral

• Medial
• nearer to the midline of the body
• The heart lies medial to the lungs.
• Lateral
• farther from the midline of the body
• The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand.

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Proximal or Distal

• Proximal
• nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
• The knee is proximal to the ankle.
• Distal
• farther from the attachment of the limb to the
  trunk
• The wrist is distal to the elbow.

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Dorsal Body Cavity
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Ventral Body Cavity

• Near ventral surface of body
• 2 subdivisions
• thoracic cavity above diaphragm
• abdominopelvic cavity below diaphragm
• Diaphragm large, dome-shaped muscle

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Viscera

• Organs called viscera
• Organs covered with serous membrane (consist of
  connective and epithelial tissue) and secrete
  serosal fluid

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below
  diaphragm
• Encircled by abdominal wall, bones muscles of
  pelvis

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Thoracic Cavity

• Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and
  muscle
• Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum
• Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except
  lungs

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Mediastinum

• Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and
  great vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus.

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Serous Membranes

• Thin slippery membrane lines body cavities not
  open to the outside
• parietal layer lines walls of cavities
• visceral layer covers viscera within the cavities
• Serous fluid reduces friction

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Pleural Pericardial Cavities

• Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs ---
  Parietal pleura lines chest wall
• Visceral pericardium covers heart --- Parietal
  pericardium lines pericardial sac

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Peritoneum

• Visceral peritoneum --- serous membrane that
  covers the abdominal viscera
• Parietal peritoneum --- serous membrane that
  lines the abdominal wall

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Abdominopelvic Regions Quadrants

• Describe locations of organs or source of pain
• Tic-tac-toe grid or intersecting lines through
  navel

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Conventional Radiography

• A single burst of xrays
• Produces 2-D image on film
• Known as radiography or xray
• Poor resolution of soft tissues
• Major use is osteology