PM2.5 Organic Composition

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PM2.5 - Organic Composition

• OKI
• December 7, 2006

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Current PM2.5 Timeline

• Annual 15µg/m3 24-Hour 65µg/m3
• SIPs due 4/08
• Attainment 4/10

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PM2.5 Timeline for New Standard24-Hour 35 µg/m3

• State Recommendations based on 2004-2006 data
  12/07
• Final Designations (signed) 12/09
• Effective 4/10
• SIPs due 4/13
• Attainment 4/15

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PM2.5 SIP
Understand impact of local sources of PM2.5
Formulate regional and local control strategies
Effective SIP
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Average Composition of PM2.5
Detroit
2004 Allen Park
Northbrook
2004
Cincinnati
2004 Taft Rd
Indianapolis
2004 Washington Park
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Composition of PM2.5

• Existing speciated particulate matter less than
  2.5 microns (PM2.5) data indicate that organic
  compound mass (OM) is at least one-third the
  total PM2.5 mass.
• To develop effective PM control strategies, a
  better understanding of the sources that
  contribute to the carbonaceous PM is needed.

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Nature of OM

• OM is a complex mixture of individual compounds.
• Better understand the sources by analyzing the
  concentrations of the individual compounds in the
  OM and using source apportionment tools.
• Only primary OM emissions and/or the precursor
  emissions to secondary OM are controllable, so a
  better understanding of the various sources types
  is needed.

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Sources of OM

• OM is primary (directly emitted form emission
  sources ) and secondary (formed in the ambient
  air from emissions of gaseous and semi-volatile
  species).
• Difficult to predict in emission inventories and
  to apportion in the ambient air.
• OM can come from both local and regional sources,
  including gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles,
  industrial activities, combustion sources, wood
  burning, and biogenic emissions.

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Species Selection

• About 20 species at each site were used including
  sulfate, nitrate, OC, EC, crustal (soil)
  elements, and trace metals.
• OC was multiplied by 1.8 to determine OM, which
  accounts for hydrogen and oxygen associated with
  the carbon.

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Factor Identification

• Key species (markers) for source types.
• Seasonal and day-of-week variation.
• Covariance among markers.
• Expected emission sources.
• Trajectories

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Typical Factors
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Results Cincinnati Composition

• Soil factor has a larger portion of the mass than
  at other cities and accounts for more mass than
  composition implies. Large soil influence is
  likely due to heavy construction activity near
  the site. Factor also has OM and EC, consistent
  with construction equipment emissions.
• No burning factor identified.

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PM2.5 contributions of the major source types
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Average source contributions to OM
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Allocation of Species Cincinnati
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Next Steps
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Next Steps

• Identify high days for PM2.5
• Identify variance among species in high PM2.5
  days.
• Relate to meteorological information.

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Next Steps

• Learn/Identify local sources
• Additional information
• Prepare modeling inventory

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Next Steps

• Identify potential impacting source.
• Identify potential control strategies.
• Model improvements.
• Extend LADCO study
• USEPA enforcement money to characterize other
  non-attainment areas.

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Questions