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Chapter 7 Livestock Nutrition

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Air dry roughages contain more than 18% crude fiber and less than 60% total ... Grass roughages include timothy, brome, orchard, reed canary, fescue, sudan, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 7 Livestock Nutrition


1
Chapter 7 Livestock Nutrition
  • Classification and use of
  • Feeds

2
Classifications of Feeds
  • Air dry roughages contain more than 18 crude
    fiber and less than 60 total digestible
    nutrients (TDN)
  • Air dry concentrates generally contain less than
    18 crude fiber and more than 60 TDN.
  • Feeds that have more than 80 dry matter (DM) are
    air-dry, while higher than 80 they are called
    high moisture feeds.

3
International Feed Nomenclature
  • Feed names follow the International Feed
    Vocabulary , the AAFCO have designated official
    names and definitions for many of the feeds used
    in the USA.
  • Feed names are determined by using the following
    descriptors.
  • Origin of feed both scientific and common.
  • Part eaten by animal.

4
International Feed Nomenclature
  • Process(es) and treatments(s) applied to the feed
    before eaten by animal.
  • Stage of maturity when harvested.
  • Cutting or crop.
  • Grade or quality designations.
  • Nutritive value of feed is dependent upon time
    harvested, table 7-2 illustrates this change.

5
International Feed Classes
  • There are eight classes of feeds, based on
    composition and use.
  • In borderline cases, feed is placed in a class
    according to its most common use in feeding
    practices.

6
International Feed Number
  • Feeds are identified by a six digit number.
  • The first number is the feed class number and the
    remaining five are the IFN.
  • The IFN links the name with the chemical and
    biological data.
  • The IFN is useful for computer formulation and
    diet formulation in this text.

7
Forms of Feed
  • The three types of feed are dry, green and high
    moisture.
  • Dry feeds are hay, grains oilseed, straw, stover,
    corn cobs, corn husks, soybean, hulls.
  • Green feeds include pasture and green chop.
  • High moisture feeds are high moisture grains,
    haylage, wet byproduct feeds, roots, tubers and
    silages.

8
Table 7-2
  • Know preferred term, definition and comparable
    terms.
  • These are all for plants that bloom.

9
Roughages
  • The two types of roughages are grass and legume.
  • Legumes have nodules on their roots that have
    bacteria whom fixate nitrogen.
  • Legumes include, alfalfa, clovers, birdsfoot
    trefoil, bean and pea hay.
  • Grass roughages include timothy, brome, orchard,
    reed canary, fescue, sudan, millet, oat

10
Concentrates
  • The three kinds of concentrates include grains,
    supplements and byproduct feeds.
  • Common grains are corn, oats, barley, sorghum
    (milo) and wheat.
  • Supplements are protein feeds, minerals and
    vitamins.
  • Supplements are either from an animal or
    vegetable origin.

11
Concentrates
  • Animal origin supplements include tankage, meat
    scraps, meat, bonemeal, fishmeal, dried skim
    milk.
  • Vegetable origin protein supplements include
    soybean meal, soybeans, cottonseed meal, peanut
    oil meal corn gluten, safflower meal, sesame
    oil, sunflower meal, linseed meal.

12
Concentrates
  • Urea is a non protein supplements, neither
    animal nor vegetable origin. Used primarily in
    feeding ruminants.
  • Minerals are generally some combination of
    calcium and phosphorus with trace minerals added.
  • Salt blocks may also have trace minerals added.

13
Concentrates
  • Vitamin supplements are necessary to provide
    vitamins in a lacking ration.
  • Byproduct feeds from the milling and brewing
    industries are also used in feeding.
  • Byproduct feeds include wheat bran, rice bran,
    wheat middlings, rye middlings, molasses,
    brewers grain, beet pulp, screenings and malt
    sprouts.

14
Table 7-3
  • Know all 8 class numbers and class denominations
    and explanations for feed.
  • Pay particular attention to number 1, dry
    forages, 2 pasture and range plants, fresh
    forages, 4 energy feeds and 5 protein supplements.

15
Reproduction
  • Poor nutrition is a major contributing factor to
    reproductive failure in livestock.
  • Production of sperm and quality of semen is
    determined by the quality of the ration.
  • Males that are too fat may become temporarily or
    permanently sterile.
  • Nutrient requirements for pregnant females are
    most critical during the last third of the
    gestation period, when the fetus grows the most.

16
Growth
  • During the growth period, there is a substantial
    increase in the size f muscle, bones, internal
    organs and other body parts.
  • Proper is growth is necessary for efficient
    producers when they mature.
  • Full genetic potential cannot be reached if the
    animal is not fed a well balanced ration.
  • Horse cannot perform to capacity if they are
    stunted or suffer from skeletonal injuries during
    growth.

17
Growth
  • Young growing animals have a more rigorous
    nutritional requirement than do mature animals.
  • Nutritional deficiencies are reflected more
    quickly and more seriously in young animals than
    in mature animals.
  • Protein quality must be higher and Ca and P needs
    are greater.
  • The younger the animal, the greater is its need
    for good quality protein because of the rapid
    growth of muscle at this time.

18
Growth
  • A shortage of total digestible nutrients or net
    energy during growth will result in slower growth
    or smaller size when animals mature.
  • Mineral requirements are higher during growth
    because of the rapid bone growth.
  • A shortage of protein, energy, vitamins or
    minerals will result in animals with poor health,
    developing sicknesses easier, performing at a
    lower level and not reproducing.

19
Maintenance
  • A maintenance ration is one that maintains basic
    life processes without any work or production
    being done.
  • A maintenance ration must supply
  • Heat to maintain body temperature.
  • Energy for vital functions an a minimum amount of
    movement
  • Small amounts of protein, minerals and vitamins

20
Maintenance
  • Oxidation of food in the digestive tract and of
    nutrients in the muscles produce heat.
  • In easily digested feeds such as corn, about one
    third of the total energy available is converted
    into heat by the digestive process.
  • A higher proportion of the total energy found in
    roughages is converted into heat by digestion.

21
Maintenance
  • Maintenance rations for mature animals, except
    swine and poultry can be mostly roughages.
  • Even more energy is needed for animals that move
    a lot more, for example to water and feed.
  • A maintenance ration with little net energy is
    not sufficient for a maintenance ration.
  • Generally simple stomached animals, swine and
    poultry, cannot derive enough energy from
    roughages.

22
Maintenance
  • Horse can do great on a high energy roughage
    ration because they can utilize the roughage
    because of their cecum.
  • A maintenance requirement is relative to its
    amount of body surface, as well as its weight. An
    animal weighing 1200 pounds does not require
    twice as much TDN as 2 animals each weighing 600
    each.
  • This is because the major heat loss is
    fromradiation and conduction from the body
    surface and the 1,200 animald does not have
    twice as much body surface ans the 2 600 animals.

23
Maintenance
  • However, the heavier animal will require more
    energy for standing and moving than the smaller
    animals, thus weight is a factor for determining
    the maintenance requirements.
  • Protein is required because there is some
    breakdown of protein in the body tissues each day.

24
Maintenance
  • There is a daily loss of Ca and P so a small
    amount of these are also needed.
  • NaCl, vitamins A and D are also needed in
    maintenance rations.
  • It is easier to maintain your animals if you do
    not let them turn to far down, it will cost you
    money in feed and supplements to raise their
    health back up to a productive level.

25
Finishing for Market and Show
  • Beef, swine, lambs and broilers that are fed for
    meat need nutrients above the maintenance
    requirements for fattening.
  • Juiciness, flavor, digestibility and nutritive
    value of meat is improved by marbling, the stored
    fat in the lean meat tissues of the animal.

26
Finishing for Market and Show
  • Nutrients for fattening animals come from
    carbohydrates and lipids in the rations.
  • Protein not needed for repair for body tissues
    and other needs of the animals may also be
    converted into body fat.
  • Most animals are finished for market while they
    are still growing and young.

27
Finishing for Market and Show
  • Rapid gains in fattening livestock depend on a
    ready supply of TDN or energy, protein, minerals
    and vitamins in the ration.
  • Feed efficiency is higher when the ration is
    properly balanced for fattening livestock.
  • Animals being fitted for show purposes are fed a
    liberal supply of carbohydrates and fats, usually
    through the addition of more grain.

28
Finishing for Market and Show
  • Mature animals being fitted for show need little
    additional protein, minerals and vitamins above
    the maintenance requirements.
  • However, young, growing animals must be fed more
    liberal amounts to reach the desired level of
    finish for show.

29
Production
  • All milk cows have a high need for TDN, when
    expecting a milk cow to produce more milk they
    will require more protein, energy, vitamins and
    minerals.
  • Ewes producing lambs wool and mohair will also
    require a ration higher in protein, energy,
    vitamins and minerals.

30
Work
  • Production of work is mainly limited to horses.
  • Riding and racing require additional nutrients
    for optimum performance.
  • As the amount of work increase, so does the TDN
    or energy requirements.
  • Protein, mineral and vitamin requirements of
    mature working horses are only a little greater
    than maintenance rations.

31
Work
  • Animals require additional nutrients (especially
    energy) in relation to the kind of terrain they
    are on and whether they are in confinement.
  • Animals on pasture, the distance to feed and
    water, animals on level land will not expend as
    much energy as those on a rough terrain.

32
Underutilized sources of feed
  • There are many food stuffs listed as
    underutilized, however many are expensive and can
    be hard to obtain.
  • Industrial food processing wastes, nonfood
    Industrial wastes, forest residues, animal
    wastes, crop residues and aquatic plants.
  • Out of all of these the most practical (from an
    economical standpoint and useable view) are
    forest residues, crop residues and aquatic plants.

33
Underutilized feedstuffs
  • Grains roughages, to this day remain the best
    feedstuffs for growth, reproduction and
    maintenance of animals.
  • Crop residues are one of the most widely used
    sources of maintenance rations used today,
    however, they will need to be supplemented with
    protein, vitamins and minerals.
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