Feeding the World

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Feeding the World
Feeding the World
Chapter 14

• Chapter 14

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14.1 Human Nutrition

• Macronutrients provide energy to body.
• Ex. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
• Micronutrients provide the body with small
  amounts of chemicals needed for biochemical
  reactions.

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• Humans need energy to carry out their life
  processes.
• Kilocalorie (Kcal)
• unit of measurement
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  for the energy contained with in
  macronutrients.

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• Humans are omnivores (plant and animal)

• Human diets should include more vegetables than
  meats.

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Nutrition

• There are 8 Essential Amino Acids that must be
  obtained by food.
• Carbohydrates provide the body with the
  quickest source of energy.
• EX. Bread, grain, or veggies
• Foods with complex carbohydrates are starches.

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Malnutrition

• Caused by the lack of a specific nutrient.
• A healthy vegetarian diet includes protein from a
  combination of grains and legumes (soy, bean,
  peanuts).
• Foods that come
• from plants usually
• lack some essential
• amino acids.

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14.2 World Food Supply

• More food is available per person than at any
  point in history.

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The Green Revolution

• refers to a series of research, development, and
  initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the
  late 1970s, that increased agriculture production
  around the world, beginning most markedly in the
  late 1960s.

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The Green Revolution Characteristic

1. Development of new strains of wheat and rice, the
   two main foods of the world.

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The Green Revolution Characteristic

• 2. Faster growth, resistance to disease, climate
  diversity.

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The Green Revolution Characteristic

• 3. Crop yields can increase as much as 4 times
  the normal yield.

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The Green Revolution Characteristic

• 4. Fertilizers and Modern Machinery.

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The Green Revolution Problem

• Poor farmers cant afford these advances so they
  dont make as much money for their product.

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Cash Crops

• A crop grown for the purpose of sale.
• Developing countries would rather export crops
  for livestock than provide food for their
  starving nation.
• Money is used to support government (weapons and
  political leaders).

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Food from the Water

• Increased harvesting of ocean fish has led to
  endangerment of fish species.
• Aquaculture involves the controlled commercial
  production of fish and mollusks.
• An alternative to fishing in the open oceans for
  food is to raise fish in confined pools.

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Fish Farm
Fish Farm
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14.3 Improving Modern Farming Techniques

• Modern farming 1 farmer can feed 78 people, 1850
  1 farmer could feed 5.
• Industrialized Agriculture (I.A.)
• Highly efficient and
• productive.
• I.A. uses large amounts of energy, pesticides,
  and fertilizers.
• Agribusinesses Farms run by large corporations.

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• Large fossil fuels consuming equipment replaced
  human powered tools.

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• Agribusinesses have several stages
• food production
• packaging
• transport.

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Modern Farming Techniques

• Monoculture
• growing one or two
• crops instead of a
• variety.
• High amounts of
• pesticides and fertilizers were necessary due to
  the single crop. Growing only one crop drains
  the soil and attracts a high concentration of
  pests..

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Problems with Modern Farming Techniques

• Plants are vulnerable to the same diseases
• Mineral depletion from the soil
• Soil ability is reduced which decreases the crop
  yield.
• Overusing pesticides has lead to insect
  resistance

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Modern Farming Techniques
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Historic Farming Techniques
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14.4 Sustainable Agriculture

• Sustainable Agriculture
• crop rotation, reduced
• soil erosion, integrated
• pest management,
• and a minimal use
• of soil additives.

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Some Methods of Sustainable Agriculture

1. Crop rotation changing crop on a regular cycle.
   1 6 Years to prevent the minerals from
   becoming depleted from the soil.
2. Cover Crops nonfood plants grown between
   growing seasons.
3. Return nitrogen naturally and prevent erosion.

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Some Negative Effects of Non-sustainable
techniques

• Soil Erosion
• Deforestation
• Desertification
• Hunger
• War

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Reducing Erosion

1. Natural process by which valuable topsoil and
   nutrients are carried away.
2. Drip irrigation delivers small quantities of
   water at the root, reducing erosion by water.
3. Reduced tilling can increase crop yields.
4. Extensive tilling is beneficial to the soil, but
   it increases erosion from water and wind.

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Erosion
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Pest Management

1. IPM Integrated
   Pest Management
2. Reduces pesticides by as much as 90.
3. Natural Predators Wasps, ladybugs, and a
   variety of viruses and bacteria.
4. Insects were becoming immune to insecticides and
   crops were suffering.
5. Farmers using IPM have higher crop yields.