The Human Kidneys

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The Human Kidneys

• By Melanie Truong

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Essential Questions

• Why are kidneys so important?
• What happens if our kidneys fail?

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Key Questions

• What is a kidney?
• What are the functions of a kidney?
• Can we survive without a kidney?
• What are some symptoms of kidney failure?
• What are some stages of kidney failure?
• What are some treatments to kidney failure?

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KIDNEYS???
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What is a kidney?

• Bean shaped organ
• Lies on each side of human backbone
• Acts like a filter cleans out blood
• Gets rid of wastes excess fluids
• Creates hormones that keep your bones strong
  blood healthy

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HEALTHY KIDNEYS

• Artery-
• Brings blood waste from blood stream into
  kidney
• Glomeruli-
• Little filters within kidney
• Cleans blood
• Ureter-
• Waste extra fluids go out in urine through
  ureter
• Vein-
• Clean blood goes out of kidney back into blood
  stream through vein

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Functions of the Kidney

• Cleans waste
• Salt water
• Blood pressure
• Red blood cells
• Calcium Phosphorous

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Survival Without Kidney?

• YES!
• Depends on circumstances
• One weakened
• No!
• can NOT live with NO kidneys

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Symptoms of Kidney Failure

• Changes in urine
• Swelling
• Fatigue (Weak/ tired)
• Skin rash/ itching
• Metallic taste in mouth/ ammonia breath
• Nausea Vomiting
• Shortness of breath
• Feeling Cold
• Dizziness Trouble Concentrating
• Leg/ Flank pain

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Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

• Sudden drops in kidney functions
• Accidental injuries
• Losing a lot of blood
• Drugs/ poisons

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

• a.k.a. Chronic renal insufficiency
• Gradual loss of kidney function
• May lead to permanent kidney failure
• High risk of dying from stroke/ heart attack

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End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

• Total or permanent kidney failure
• Must undergo treatment or transplantation

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Hemodialysis

• Vascular access
• Dialysis machine-
• Pumps blood
• Cleans waste
• Watch blood pressure rate of fluid removal

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• Dialyzer-
• Thousands of small fibers (blood pass)
• Dialysis solution (Cleansing fluid) pumped around
  fibers
• Fibers allow waste extra fluid into solution
  (which carries them away)

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• Dialysis Solution-
• Solution in dialyzer (helps remove wastes extra
  fluid)
• Contains chemicals
• Needles-
• Two needles
• Specialized needles designed with two openings
  for two-way flow

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Further information

• Stick to a strict schedule
• 3 times a week
• 3 5 hours or more each visit
• Less energy
• Less time
• Changes in life style / job
• May feel depression (can be treated)

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Nocturnal Dialysis

• Very similar to hemodialysis
• Done in comfort of own home at night
• Family member/ friend needed to provide
  assistance
• More preparation requirements investments
• Separate designated room / area (no pets allowed)
• Special electric circuits water pipes

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Peritoneal Dialysis

• Gives more freedom than hemodialysis
• Soft tube (catheter)
• Walls of abdomen cavity lined with peritoneum
• Dialysis solution contains sugar called dextrose
• process of draining filling exchange
• Solution in abdomen dwell time

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Getting started

• Soft catheter placed in abdomen
• Soft tubing comfort
• Polyester material (Dacron)
• Free flow of solution (inside abdomen)
• General anesthetic / local anesthetic procedure

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Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

• Drain fresh bag of dialysis solution into abdomen
  
• 4 6 hours of dwell time
• Drain out solution (now contains waste)
• Repeat cycle as doctor prescribes
• Usually about 3 4 exchanges (day) 1 (night)

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Continuous Cycler-Assisted Peritoneal Dialysis

• Done at night while sleep
• Uses an automated cycler (machine)
• 8 10 hours machine fills drains
• Morning- begin with one exchange (dwell time
  lasts entire day)

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Kidney Transplant

• Living donor (related or non-related)
• Cadaver
• Wait list
• Bad kidney ? good kidney
• DONT TAKE OUT THE BAD

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Acknowledgments

• Ms. Renee Agatsuma
• my genetics teacher who got me into this
  project and provided me with much guidance along
  the way.
• Mr. Derek Sloan
• my advisor throughout this whole project who
  helped me through his spare time to correct my
  work and also to offer assistance.
• Mr. Henry Ho
• my grandfather and also my inspiration for this
  project. He provided me with some general
  information about the kidneys and offered me a
  trip to the kidney center with him (also allowed
  me to use his photos and video clip).

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• Mr. David L. Lee
• the case manager at the Northwest Kidney
  Centers (Elliot Bay Kidney Centers) who helped me
  clarify my facts about the kidney and allowed me
  into the clinic to take pictures.
• Mr. Kyle Okada
• my previous elementary school teacher at Beacon
  Hill Elementary School who allowed me to use his
  class for my presentation.
• Bao Nguyen
• my camera guy and also my helpful means of
  transportation.

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• Thanks Everyone!!

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Bibliography

• Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
  (2002). You Can Live Your Guide for Living with
  Kidney Failure. (Publication No. CMS-02119).
  Baltimore, Maryland U.S. Department of Health
  and Human Services.
• Ellis, G. (2007). One kidney may do the work of a
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• Gibbs, W.W. (1999). A Diabetes Switch?
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• Goldmann, D. R. Horowitz, D. A. (Eds.). (2003).
  Kidney Diseases. American College of Physicians
  Complete Home Medical Guide (Second, pp.
  785- 815). United States DK Publishing, INC.

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• Guthrie, C. (2007). Is Alzheimers a Form of
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• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
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  Publication No. 00-4281). NIH Publication.

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• National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information
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