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The Cuban Missile Crisis

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Once Kennedy was in office, the looming threat of Cuba had to be dealt with. This memo discusses the looming threat in Cuba and the need to take strong action soon. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Cuban Missile Crisis


1
The Cuban Missile Crisis
2
Memo from the CIA on the Bay of Pigs Invasion
(1961)
  • J.D. Esterline became director of a task force to
    direct the Cuban project on January 18, 1960.
  • He reported to Richard M. Bissell, although
    Bissell's principal aide, Tracy Barnes, acted for
    Bissell about 50 percent of the time.
  • This memo outlined the preparations for military
    action against Cuba.
  • The question of whether the incoming
    administration of President-Elect Kennedy will
    concur in the conduct of the strike operations
    outlined above needs to be resolved at the
    earliest possible time.
  • Recommendation. That the strike operation be
    conducted in the latter half of February, and not
    later than 1 March, 1961.

Esterline
Barnes
Bissell
3
Memo from the CIA on an Invasion of Cuba (1961)
  • In the minutes from a meeting to discuss possible
    action in Cuba, again the desire to learn what
    the Kennedy Administrations stand would be on
    action in Cuba is emphasized.
  • It also expresses a reluctance to land U.S.
    forces in Cuba.
  • Mr. Mann said he had talked with members of the
    Latin American diplomatic corps and had indicated
    to them that the (US) wanted to know whether the
    OAS system could prevent Castro's exportation of
    communism They wanted to know first where the
    Kennedy administration and the Quadros
    administration would stand.
  • The Secretary then commented on the enormous
    implications of putting U.S. forces ashore in
    Cuba and said we should consider everything short
    of this, including rough stuff, before doing so.

4
Bay of Pigs Map
5
Joint Chiefs of Staff Conference with President
Kennedy (January 1961)
  • Once Kennedy was in office, the looming threat of
    Cuba had to be dealt with.
  • This memo discusses the looming threat in Cuba
    and the need to take strong action soon.
  • The President asked what the Chiefs think should
    be done regarding Cuba. General Lemnitzer
    replied, recalling that the initial plans were
    for clandestine operations the clandestine
    forces are not strong enough.
  • General Decker added that this action should be
    taken under a recognized Cuban leader, and,
    unfortunately, we do not have one at present
    Admiral Burke agreed that there is lack of a
    leader to rally around, and that we need somebody
    to fill this role.
  • In the audio clip, Kennedy expresses the intent
    of his administration to fight Communism in the
    western hemisphere.

Kennedy on The Bay of Pigs
6
Ernesto Che Guevara Mobilizing the Masses for
the Invasion (28 March 1961)
  • This speech was made to sugar workers in Santa
    Clara twenty days before the Bay of Pigs
    invasion.
  • We have to remind ourselves of this at every
    moment that we are in a war where the two
    adversaries - this tiny champion of the Caribbean
    and the immense imperialist hyena - are face to
    face and aware that one of them is going to end
    up dead in the fight.
  • It will mean the beginning of the end of
    colonial domination in America, that is, the
    definitive beginning of the end for North
    American imperialism.
  • The murder of Patrice Lumumba is an example of
    what the empire is capable of when the struggle
    against it is carried on in a firm and sustained
    way. Imperialism must be struck on the snout
    once, and again, and then again, in an infinite
    succession of blows and counter-blows. That is
    the only way the people can win their real
    independence.

Guevara
Lumumba
7
Fidel Castro Second Declaration of Havana (4
February 1962)
  • The Cuban Revolution of 1959 was a broadly based
    nationalist revolution against a corrupt
    government.
  • It was lead by Fidel Castro. He apparently had
    the support of most Cubans in his broad based
    "provisional government".
  • By 1962, after the US began to give "covert"
    assistance to Cuban exiles opposing the
    revolution, Castro had adopted Marxism-Leninism
    as the ideology of the Cuban Revolution.
  • What is Cuba's history but that of Latin
    America? What is the history of Latin America but
    the history of Asia, Africa, and Oceania? And
    what is the history of all these peoples but the
    history of the cruelest exploitation of the world
    by imperialism?

8
A. Adzhubei Account of Visit to Washington to
the CPSU (12 March 1962)
  • This memo outlines a conversation Adzhubei had
    with President Kennedy regarding Cuba.
  • (Kennedy) paused a little and said How is Che
    Guevara?
  • I answered that he didn't seem to look bad,
    although I didn't see him often, and asked him in
    turn, why was the president suddenly interested
    in one of the participants of the Cuban
    revolution?
  • I read some dispatches to the press, answered
    Kennedy.
  • In turn I remarked You are interested in the
    events in Cuba, that is your right. But when we
    read that the USA plans to invade Cuba, we don't
    think that this is your right.
  • We are not planning an invasion of Cuba,
    Kennedy answered
  • Kennedy remarked sharply We will not meddle
    with events in Cuba.
  • It's a very big shame, Mister President, I
    said to him, that your words are not allowed to
    be published in the newspapers.

9
Malinovsky Zakharov Memo on Deployment of
Soviet Forces to Cuba (24 May 1962)
  • This memo was the first general plan for the
    deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles to Cuba
    prepared by the General Staff, in response to a
    request by Khrushchev.
  • It was discussed at a CPSU Presidium (Politburo)
    and unanimously approved.
  • The Ministry of Defense proposesto deploy on
    the island of Cuba a Group of Soviet Forces
    comprising all branches of the Armed Forces
  • To send as part of the Group of Forces in Cuba
    in July-AugustTwo regiments of FKR (16
    launchers) with PRTB, with their missiles and 5
    special Trans nuclear warheads for each
    launcher. Range of the FKR is up to 180 km.

Malinovsky
Zakharov
10
President John F. Kennedy Statement on Cuba
(September 4, 1962)
  • JFK states that the Soviet Union is aiding the
    Communists in Cuba, but they have yet to violate
    any treaties.
  • Information has reached this Government in the
    last four days from a variety of sources which
    establishes without doubt that the Soviets have
    provided the Cuban Government with a number of
    anti-aircraft defense missiles extensive radar
    and other electronic equipment (and) several
    Soviet-made motor torpedo boats carrying
    ship-to-ship guided missiles
  • There is no evidence of any organized combat
    force in Cuba from any Soviet bloc country of
    military bases provided to Russia of a violation
    of the 1934 treaty relating to Guantanamo of the
    presence of offensive ground-to-ground missiles
    or of other significant offensive capability
    either in Cuban hands or under Soviet direction
    and guidance. Were it to be otherwise, the
    gravest issues would arise.

11
Malinovsky Zakharov Soviet Memo Authorizing
Use of Nuclear Weapons in Cuba (8 September 1962)
  • To the Commander of the Group of Soviet Forces
    in Cuba
  • For the purpose of strengthening of the Group of
    Soviet Forces in Cuba and increasing its
    capability to fight against the enemy landing,
    we are sending you additional means
  • squadron of plane-carriers IL-28 (6 planes and 6
    nuclear bombs407 H) with PRTB
  • three battalions of "Luna" (6 launchers, 12
    missiles, 12 special warheads and 24 conventional
    missiles) with PTRB
  • In a situation of an enemy landing on the island
    of Cuba when the destruction of the enemy is
    delaying further actions and there is no
    possibility of receiving instructions from the
    USSR Ministry of Defense, you are permitted to
    make your own decision and to use the nuclear
    means of the "Luna," IL-28 or FKR-1 as
    instruments of local warfare for the destruction
    of the enemy on land and along the coast in order
    to achieve the complete destruction of the
    invaders on the Cuban territory and to defend the
    Republic of Cuba.

12
Soviet Missile Installation in Cuba (1962)
Low-level photograph of 6 Frog (Luna) missile
transporters under a tree at a military camp near
Remedios
13
Ranges of Nuclear Missile Launches from Cuba
14
Soviet Statement on Potential Cuban Attack by
U.S. (11 September 1962)
  • In this statement issued by the Soviet
    government, they express their concern over the
    calling-up of US reservists.
  • They state that any action in Cuba would lead to
    a nuclear confrontation while maintaining their
    motivations for peace.
  • The Government of the U.S.S.R. deems it
    necessary to draw the attention of the
    governments of all countries and world opinion to
    the provocations the United States Government is
    now staging, provocations which might plunge the
    world into the disaster (of) a universal world
    war with the use of thermonuclear weapons.
  • The President of the United States asked
    Congress to permit the call-up of 150,000
    reservists to the armed forcesSuch a step
    cannot be assessed otherwise than a screen for
    aggressive plans and intentions of the United
    States itself This is a provocation against the
    peace, this is done in the interests of war, in
    the interests of aggression.

15
Director of Central Intelligence McCone Memo (11
October 1962)
  • This memo details information regarding
    intelligence photographs of Soviet bombers being
    transported to Cuba.
  • Concern is expressed by the President regarding
    the dissemination of this information to the
    public prior to the election.
  • I then showed the President photographs of the
    crates which presumably were carrying Soviet
    medium bombers, and were deck loaded on a ship
    which had arrived in Havana in the early days of
    October. The President requested that such
    information be withheld at least until after
    elections as if the information got into the
    press, a new and more violent Cuban issue would
    be injected into the campaign and this would
    seriously affect his independence of action.

16
Malinovsky USSR, directive, TOP SECRET Order to
Pliyev (22 October 1962)
  • This is a Top Secret Russian military order to
    increase combat readiness in Cuba to assist the
    Cuban Army in the event of a US invasion.
  • TROSTNIK -to comrade PAVLOV
  • In connection with possible landing on Cuba of
    Americans participating in maneuvers in the
    Caribbean Sea, undertake urgent measures to
    increase combat readiness and to repel the enemy
    by joint efforts of the Cuban Army and all Soviet
    troop units, excluding Statsenko's weapons and
    all of Beloborodov's cargo.

Pliyev
17
JFK Letter to Chairman Khrushchev (22 October
1962)
  • In this letter to Chairman Khrushchev Kennedy
    states the US position on Berlin and Cuba.
  • The President expresses his desire for a peaceful
    resolution, but insists that action will be taken
    if necessary.
  • The United States could not tolerate any action
    on your part which in a major way disturbed the
    existing over-all balance of power in the world.
  • I publicly stated that if certain developments
    in Cuba took place, the United States would do
    whatever must be done to protect its own security
    and that of its allies.
  • I hope that your Government will refrain from
    any action which would widen or deepen this
    already grave crisis and that we can agree to
    resume the path of peaceful negotiation.

18
JFK Report to the American People on the Soviet
Arms Buildup in Cuba (22 October 1962)
  • Questions to consider
  • 1)What does Kennedy claim is the purpose of the
    missile bases on Cuba?
  • 2)What did the U.S.S.R. claim was the type of
    aide they were providing Cuba?
  • 3)What steps did Kennedy authorize to be taken?
  • 4)What does he state will be the result of a
    missile attack by Cuba on any nation in the
    western hemisphere?
  • 5)What does he call upon Khrushchev to do?

This was the announcement made to the public by
Kennedy on the build-up of Soviet arms in Cuba.
19
Chairman Khrushchev Letter to President Kennedy
(24 October 1962)
  • In Khrushchevs response to President Kennedys
    letter, the Chairman outlines the reasons for his
    refusal to submit to the Presidents arbitrary
    demands.
  • Just imagine, Mr. President, that we had
    presented you with the conditions of an ultimatum
    which you have presented us by your action. How
    would you have reacted to this? I think that you
    would have been indignant at such a step on our
    part.
  • You, Mr. President, are not declaring a
    quarantine, but rather are setting forth an
    ultimatum and threatening that if we do not give
    in to your demands you will use force.
  • The Soviet Government considers that the
    violation of the freedom to use international
    waters and international air space is an act of
    aggression which pushes mankind toward the abyss
    of a world nuclear-missile war.

20
The Cuban Crisis (1962)
  • Questions to consider
  • 1) What steps did the U.S. take to hinder weapons
    shipments to Cuba?
  • 3) What does this clip claim Castro has been
    doing to prepare for invasion?
  • 4) What was Castros reaction to UN weapons
    inspectors?
  • 5) How was the U.S. able to determine that Cuba
    had missile bases?
  • 6) What organization pledged their support of
    U.S. action?

This newsreel story details the events of the
Cuban Missile Crisis to date.
21
Fidel Castro Letter to Premier Khrushchev (26
October 1962)
  • In this letter, Castro informs Khrushchev of an
    imminent invasion.
  • He goes on to describe how it will be met by the
    Cuban people and makes suggestions as to the
    Soviet Unions action in such a case.
  • From an analysis of the situation and the
    reports in our possession, I consider that the
    aggression is almost imminent within the next 24
    or 72 hours.
  • The morale of the Cuban people is extremely high
    and the aggressor will be confronted heroically.
  • If the imperialists invade Cuba with the goal
    of occupying it, the danger that that aggressive
    policy poses for humanity is so great that the
    Soviet Union must never allow the circumstances
    in which the imperialists could launch the first
    nuclear strike against it.

22
Crisis Eases Wary U.S. Awaits Missile Removal
(29 October 1962)
  • Questions to consider
  • 1)Who is arriving at the UN to represent the
    U.S.S.R.?
  • 2)Who is the acting Secretary General of the UN
    at this time?
  • 3)What role is U Thant playing in negotiations?
  • 4)Who will supervise the removal of missile sites
    in Cuba?

This is a newsreel story in which Russian
Kusnetsov arrives at the UN and meets with U
Thant.
23
Missile Bases Castro Balks At U.N. Team (1
November 1962)
  • Questions to consider
  • 1)From where is U Thant returning?
  • 2)What does he predict about the dismantling of
    missile bases in Cuba?
  • 3)When will the process be complete?
  • 4)What will happen to the missiles there?
  • 5)What does the Whitehouse announce about the
    Naval Quarantine?

In this newsreel story, U Thant returns to NY
from meeting with Castro regarding Cuban Missile
Crisis. He speaks to press about his meeting and
his findings there.
24
Multimedia Citation
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