Rome: Importance

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Rome Importance

• successor to Greece
• carrier of Greek civilization
• political model for later Europe
• measure of success for nations and individuals

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Importance, cont

• model for later monarchies
• model for later, mixed constitutions
• Great Britain, U.S., etc.
• model for most European legal systems
• model for the concept of citizenship

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Roman History

• The Regal Age ca. 779-509 B.C.
• The Republic 509-27 B.C.
• The Empire 27 B.C.-1453 A.D.
• Early Empire 27 B.C.-325 A.D.
• Later Empire 325 A.D.-1453 A.D.

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Location

• Italy
• Tiber River
• between Etruscan and Greek cities
• part of the Latin League

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Early history

• Indo-European
• entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C.
• settled south of the Tiber
• primitive institutions

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The Kings

• Seven kings
• Romulus
• historical kings?
• the Etruscan kings
• the last three

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The Republic

• revolution
• patricians (2-4) and plebeians (96-98)
• constitutional government
• influenced by Athens?
• the constitution of Cleisthenes?

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Offices

• 2 consuls
• 2 praetors
• aediles
• quaestors
• dictator

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Important institutions

• the assemblies
• the elective offices
• patron-client relationships
• The Twelve Tables

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Struggle of the Orders

• struggle for political participation
• plebeian institutions the tribunes
• the secessions
• the compromises
• no political violence until 133 B.C.

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Roman Expansion

• conquest of Veii Romes Trojan War
• gradual expansion for a century
• the Latin League
• extension of citizenship
• Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies
• continuous expansion
• Celts, Samnites, etc.

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Expansion, cont

• Etruscans
• Greeks
• Carthage ???
• three Punic Wars
• 254, 220, 146 B.C.
• control of Western Mediterranean

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Expansion, cont

• the Hellenistic Monarchies
• the Greek Federal Leagues
• lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a lot
• Romans get tired of it
• control of most of the Med. basin by 100 B.C.
• but still essentially a city-state

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Roman Religion

• rustic Italian cults
• overlay of Greek religion
• Etruscan influences
• Romans as pack rats

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Roman art

• best we dont even talk about that

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Roman architecture

• great skill
• engineers and architects
• roads, cities
• concrete

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Roman Literature

• copied from Greek models
• interests in rhetoric, law, and satire
• Stoic and Epicurean philosophy

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The Late Republic 133-27 B.C.

• introduction of violence into domestic politics
• competition for status and recognition
• civil war

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Important Figures

• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• Marius and Sulla
• Pompey the Great, Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar
• First Triumvirate
• Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, Octavian Caesar
• Second Triumvirate

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Gaius Marius
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Gaius Julius Caesar
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Pompey the Great
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Cicero
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Octavian Augustus
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Octavian as pontifex maximus
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Marc Antony
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The Empire

• unification of the Mediterranean basin and
  western Europe
• extended citizenship
• empire-wide commerce
• Roman law
• tolerance for local autonomy

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The Julio-Claudians

• Augustus
• Tiberius
• Caligula
• Claudius
• Nero

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Changes

• reduction of political competition
• end to expansion
• reduction in the army
• further extension of citizenship

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The Flavians

• Year of the Four Emperors (69 A.D.)
• Vespasian
• Titus
• Domitian

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The Antonines the Good Emperors

• Edward Gibbon
• the height of the Empire
• the culmination of the pax Romana
• succession by adoption of the most competent

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The Good Emperors

• Nerva
• Trajan
• strong military leader
• Hadrian
• excellent administrator
• Hellenophile
• Antoninus Pius
• Marcus Aurelius
• the embodiment of the philosopher king

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The Rise of Christianity

• Jesus of Nazareth
• teacher, prophet, revolutionary
• the Jesus Movement
• Paul of Tarsus
• cultural mixture Jewish and Greek
• founder of Christianity

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Rise of Christianity, cont

• disappearance of Jewish followers 70 A.D.
• growth of the Pauline church
• the poor, women, children, slaves
• no success among men, the educated, etc.
• benefits of Roman infrastructure and the pax
  Romana

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Roman suspicion

• the First Jewish War
• eastern religion
• corrupted the mos maiorum
• that is, traditional family values
• rumors of orgies and cannibalism
• Second Jewish War
• Trajans Rescript

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The Crisis of the Third Century

• End of the practice of adoption
• The Severian Emperors
• the army as a social class
• abandonment of the Augustan constitution
• collapse of the senate and other organs of state
• collapse of the civil adminstration

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Crisis, cont

• collapse of society
• breakdown of social classes
• collapse of the economy
• collapse of trade and coinage
• barbarian invasions
• civil wars
• Thirty emperors
• The Danubian emperors (soldiers)

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Crisis, cont

• Aurelian - restituor orbis
• Decius - persecutions of those who corrupt
  traditional family values
• Diocletian

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Diocletian and Reform

• The Tetrarchy
• The Annona
• The Edict of Maximum Prices
• The new provinces
• The eastern frontiers
• The new capitals
• The persecutions
• Edict of Toleration, 311

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Constantine

• The divided empire, united
• The Battle of the Milvian Bridge
• The conversion of Constantine
• The Edict of Milan - 314
• The First Ecumenical Council
• The New Capital
• Constantinople

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Books for you to read

• H.H. Scullard and M. Cary. A History of Rome to
  325
• J.B. Bury. The Later Roman Empire
• A.H.M. Jones. The Later Empire
• J.J. Norwich. A Short History of Byzantium
• E. Gruen. The Last Generation of the Roman
  Republic
• Michael Crawford. The Roman Republic
• Colin Wells. The Roman Empire
• Averil Cameron. The Later Roman Empire

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More Books

• M. Gelzer. Caesar
• C. Meier. Caesar
• A. Everitt. Augustus
• E. Gruen. Diaspora Jews among the Greeks and
  Romans
• W.G. Kummel. Introduction to the New Testament
• Keith F. Nickle. The Synoptic Gospels

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And more books.

• Joel Carmichael. The Birth of Christianity
• A. Schweitzer. The Quest for the Historical
  Jesus
• W. Barnes Tatum. The Quest for Jesus
• M. Grant. Jesus An Historians Review of the
  Gospels
• M. Grant. The Jews in the Roman World
• M. Grant. St. Paul
• E.P. Sanders. The Historical Figure of Jesus
• Paula Fredrickson. Jesus of Nazareth King of the
  Jews

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More.

• Bart Ehrman. Jesus Apocalyptic Prophet of the
  New Millenium
• Geza Vermes. Jesus the Jew
• L. Michael White. From Jesus to Christianity
• S.G.F. Brandon. The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth
• Hyam Maccoby. Mythmaker Paul and the Invention
  of Christianity
• Morton Smith. Jesus the Magician

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And yet more

• www.etsu.edu/cas/history/religionsbib.htm
• R. Helms. Gospel Fictions
• R. Helms. Who Wrote the Gospels
• H.Y. Gamble. The Canon of the New Testament
• D.A. Carson. The King James Debate A plea for
  realism