National Institutes of Health

1
The Internet Reflections on Whats Coming

• Lawrence C. Kingsland III, Ph.D.
• Assistant Director for Applied Informatics
• National Library of Medicine

2
Road Map 1

• The Internet is
• Protocols, addresses, names, oh my
• Routing
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Unlimited bandwidth

3
Road Map 2

• Digital spread spectrum
• Bluetooth
• 802.egad
• New tech
• Ubiquity
• Dissemination

4
Road Map 1

• The Internet is
• Protocols, addresses, names, oh my
• Routing
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Unlimited bandwidth

5
The Internet

• The Internet is
• A network of networks
• Worlds largest distributed computing system
• 10-15,000 public and private ISPs and 50 top-tier
  backbone providers

6
The Internet

• Five-layer pyramid
• Top layer network access points (NAPs)
• conduit between national service providers (NSPs)
  and ISPs
• Second layer peering centers
• customers of the NSPs operate the public
  Internet backbone
• by contract, must maintain 99.9 reliability

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The Internet

• Five-layer pyramid
• Third layer regional networks, backbones
• ISPs operating over a limited area
• ISPs connecting to primary NSPs
• Fourth layer ISPs that dont operate their own
  regional network
• Fifth layer consumers and business clients

8
The Internet

• Doesnt start in one place and travel
  straightforwardly to another
• Not same as television, radio or telephone
• Isnt operated by a central authority
• Doesnt even have own dedicated channels of
  operation

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Who Runs the Internet?

• We reject kings, presidents, and voting. We
  believe in rough consensus and working code.
• Informal motto of the IETF, enunciated by Dave
  Clark (1992)

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Road Map 1

• The Internet is
• Protocols, addresses, names, oh my
• Routing
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Unlimited bandwidth

11
Protocols TCP/IP

• Based on packet switching model of
  communication
• Data broken into datagrams or packets
• Packets sent separately may arrive along
  different routes and out of order
• Most widely deployed protocols on Internet
• Designed for robustness in face of network
  component failure

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TCP/IP

• Internet Protocol (IP) concerned with routing
  from point A to point B
• Numerical IP addresses (classes A-C)
• Domain Name Service (DNS) used for name
  resolution
• Routing tables provide routing information
• Transmission Control Protocol concerned with
  error correction

13
IP Addresses

• Each machine on the Internet has an IP address so
  other machines can send packets to it
• In the old days, each machine had its own IP
  address
• Now, dynamic IP addresses may be assigned by the
  ISP

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Host Names Domain Names

• IP addresses work well for computers, but not so
  well for humans
• Early days each machine had its name (e.g.,
  MIT-AI), and list of names and IP addresses was
  kept in file called HOSTS.TXT

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Host Names Domain Names

• Distributed database was organized each
  organization managed its own IP addresses and
  names, and that organizations part of the
  database was used to look up IP addresses from
  the names
• Example gateway.nlm.nih.gov
• Host name on the left (gateway) domain name is
  remainder (nlm.nih.gov)

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Host Names Domain Names

• Occasional surprises notwithstanding, Domain Name
  System works quite well at translating fully
  qualified domain names into IP address --
  particularly when you consider the number of
  machines DNS is dependent on, and that
  distributed databases were a new idea when DNS
  was created

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Road Map 1

• The Internet is
• Protocols, addresses, names, oh my
• Routing
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Unlimited bandwidth

18
Routing

• Router receives a packet, looks inside it to
  determine its destination address, then examines
  its internal routing table to decide where to
  send the packet
• If the destination is one on its own network
  segment, it delivers the packet
• If not, it sends the packet to its default router
  (gateway)

19
Routing

• Often 12-15 hops or more between Internet
  destinations
• Optimizing routing paths a complex process
• Flexibility is key must adapt to changing events

20
Routing

• Router is a store-and-forward packet switch that
  forwards packets using IP addresses
• Bridge is a store-and-forward packet switch that
  forwards packets using LAN addresses
• Switch acts like a bridge, but may have dozens of
  interfaces instead of a few aggregate brings
  need for very high performance

21
Running out of Addresses

• Currently using IPv4 32-bit addressing scheme
  (4 billion values)
• Not enough cell phones, refrigerators, yard
  lights, garage door openers may have IP addresses
  soon
• Various IETF estimates assume all addresses used
  up in 2-20 years (VoIP, sensors/surveillance a
  factor)

22
Uneven Distribution

• Of 4.3 billion IP addresses, about 3 billion went
  to U.S. ISPs
• Some U.S. universities have larger address space
  than whole countries
• China, South Korea have combined population of
  1.3 billion, yet only 38.5 million and 23.6
  million IP addresses respectively

23
Solution? IPv6

• 128-bit addresses (IPv4 address space squared
  twice)
• Enough address space to assign a unique address
  to every proton on planet Earth
• Or, several billion addresses per square meter of
  the Earths surface
• That should do for a while

24
Road Map 1

• The Internet is
• Protocols, addresses, names, oh my
• Routing
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Unlimited bandwidth

25
Virtual Private Networks

• IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) provides
• Authentication of users
• Encryption of data stream
• Integrity of transmission
• Non-repudiation to prove receipt
• VPN offers public network low cost, ease of use
  with private network security, reliability

26
Road Map 1

• The Internet is
• Protocols, addresses, names, oh my
• Routing
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Unlimited bandwidth

27
Quality of Service

• End-to-end QoS simply not there yet
• Vendors pretend unlimited bandwidth equates to
  high quality service
• For voice over IP, virtual private networks, good
  streaming media, application hosting (consider
  telesurgery!)
• No guarantees for throughput, packet loss, delay,
  jitter

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Quality of Service

• Individual service providers could selectively
  support multiple traffic flows with different QoS
  requirements within closed networks connecting
  endpoints they control
• But no single service provider controls all the
  Internets end points
• Little incentive for providers to get together

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Quality of Service

• DVRN Dense Virtual Routed Network
• Dynamic routing layer will offer
  networks-on-demand that support multiple services
  from multiple providers
• Infrastructure can then consist of any
  combination of intranet, extranet, virtual
  private network, outsourced services

30
Quality of Service

• DVRN virtual routers use multiple policies to
  control, manage several networks simultaneously
• Static, table-based rules replaced by
  packet-level application quality of service (AQS)
• AQS senses packets contents, picks level of
  service based on that application and network
  policy, gathers stats for billing

31
Escalating Need

• Yankee Group estimates new wireless technologies
  alone will connect a billion cell phones,
  laptops, personal organizers to the Internet
  worldwide over next three years
• Increased demand for video, music, ...

32
Road Map 1

• The Internet is
• Protocols, addresses, names, oh my
• Routing
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Unlimited bandwidth

33
Unlimited Bandwidth

• Progress pretty amazing
• Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) multiple
  streams of data traffic transmitted as different
  light frequencies on the fiber to increase
  density
• Problem? Dispersion of the laser beam on an
  optical fiber causes beam to lose intensity with
  distance traveled

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Unlimited Bandwidth

• Optical switching and routing (need terabit
  routers)
• In lab, 160 data streams (channels) per fiber at
  80 Gbits/sec/channel
• Put half the people in the world at each end of
  six cables and hand everyone a telephone
• Lightwaves switched using micro-mirrors

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Photonic Switches Critical

• Theoretical upper limit about 100 Tbits/sec/fiber
  (20 billion one-page emails)
• Eliminate cumbersome electronic switching in the
  city-to-city fiber-optic backbones
• Digital wrapper the optical equivalent of a
  packet header
• Microphotonics the next revolutionary network
  technology (viz. Intel, Sept 2006)

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Photonic Switching

• Helpful tutorial on optical switches by
  International Engineering Consortium
• Optical switching demo in Boston at GlobalComm
  May 2006

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Road Map 2

• Digital spread spectrum
• Bluetooth
• 802.egad
• New tech
• Ubiquity
• Dissemination

42
Digital Spread Spectrum

• Began with secure digital communications for the
  military
• Many commercial, industrial applications
  (wireless LANs, integrated bar code
  scanner/palmtop/radio modem devices for
  warehousing, etc., etc.)
• Resists jamming hard to intercept
• Invented by German lady scientist in WW II

43
Digital Spread Spectrum

• Signals distributed over a wide range of
  frequencies, then collected onto their original
  frequency at the receiver
• Signals are noise-like, hard to intercept
• Frequency-hopping order in which frequencies are
  occupied is a function of a code sequence, and
  rate of hopping is a function of the information
  rate

44
Road Map 2

• Digital spread spectrum
• Bluetooth
• 802.egad
• New tech
• Ubiquity
• Dissemination

45
Bluetooth

• IEEE standard 802.15.3 for wireless personal area
  networks (PANs)
• Based on low-cost short-range radio link, built
  into 9x9 mm microchip
• No cables! Connect computers, printers, PDAs,
  fax machines, keyboards, joysticks
• Gaining acceptance in industrial settings

46
Bluetooth

• Operates in worldwide unlicensed 2.45 GHz
  Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) band
• Data speeds now up to 3 Mbits/sec (orig
• Range to 100m (originally 10m)
• Frequency hopping at 1600 hops/second
• Automatic output power adaptation reduces range
  exactly to requirement

47
Bluetooth

• Smart tire transmits low pressure message to
  drivers Bluetooth phone
• Auto broadcasts fault reports to dealers
  diagnostic system
• Cordless inventory scanner broadcasts to belt
  pack
• Remote controlled camera
• One billion devices shipped by end of 2006

48
Bluetooth

• Logitech pen by Anoto contains digital infrared
  camera, image processor, Bluetooth transceiver.
  Camera shoots 100 images/sec while user writes on
  digital paper transmits images, X-Y
  coordinates to another Bluetooth device to write,
  save, fax or email the document.
• Useful New York Times article here

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Road Map 2

• Digital spread spectrum
• Bluetooth
• 802.egad
• New tech
• Ubiquity
• Dissemination

50
802.egad.goodgrief

• AKA WiFi et al.
• Not a Bluetooth competitor (Bluetooth not
  designed as high-speed network connection)
• 802.11g now common, b fading out
• 802.11a on the market
• 802.11e adds QoS, multimedia support to 802.11b
  and 802.11a
• 802.11n in the wings etc, etc, etc

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802.11b

• 11 Mbits/sec in 2.4 GHz band
• Range 50-100 meters
• Wonderfully convenient
• Utterly insecure - WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
  easily broken by passive attacks
• Pringles can great for war driving
• How about a cantenna?

52
802.11g

• Up to 54 Mbits/sec in 2.4 GHz band
• Called 54g in marketing ploy
• Uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
• 802.11g standard finalized June 2003 after
  rancorous debate, TI vs. Intersil
• Probably a stop along the way toward 802.11a in
  5.8 GHz band away from microwaves, garage door
  openers

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802.11a

• 54 Mbits/sec in 5.8 GHz band
• Still uses WEP forces all users on an access
  point to share one encryption key
• Shorter range than 802.11b (more access points
  needed to cover same area)
• Apparently could cause interference with NATO
  satellites
• Not backward compatible with 802.11b

54
802.11 Security

• Like putting an Ethernet port in the parking
  lot
• 802.1x defines generic framework for port-based
  authentication, key distribution also provides
  carrier for secure delivery of session keys to
  encrypt traffic
• Good resource The Unofficial 802.11 Security
  Web Page

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802.11i

• Ratified June 2004
• Replaces WEP with WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
  better encryption usingTKIP Temporal Key
  Integrity Protocol easier setup w/pre-shared
  key 802.1X authentication
• Requires chip-based Advanced Encryption Standard
  (AES)

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802.11e

• Adds Quality of Service features, multimedia
  support (think VoIP)
• Backward compatible with 802.11b, 802.11a
• Improves channel robustness through forward error
  correction, selective retransmission
• Better delivery of time-critical payloads

57
802.11n

• 100 Mbits/sec minimum throughput (Agere aiming
  for 500Mbits/sec)
• MIMO (multiple input multiple output antenna
  technology) a significant advance
• Two groups duelling TGn Sync wants 40MHz
  channels in 5.8 GHz band, WWise wants 20MHz
  channels in 2.4 GHz band
• Wonderful for HDTV, streaming video

58
802.16d-2004, 802.16e-2005 (steps toward WiMax)

• 802.16d-2004 the standard behind fixed WiMax
• 802.16e-2005 added mobility (think roaming)
  ratified December 2005
• Result will be wireless metropolitan area
  networks (MANs)
• For cutting through the alphabet soup
  palowireless and Wi-Fi Planet

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WiMax

• Will change the rural world
• Kingdom of Tonga (South Pacific) wireless
  broadband to 42 islands covering 270,000 square
  miles
• Island in the middle of the Amazon - wireless
  broadband to a healthcare clinic, two schools, a
  community center, and a university
• Look out Craig McCaw coming with Clearwire

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Ultrawideband

• Low power, high throughput, better security
• Tiny bursts of information
• Large swath of frequencies
• Extremely short-duration pulses
• Looks like faint background noise to other
  receivers
• Useful information here

61
Ultrawideband

• FCC approved unlicensed use, but only very low
  power (1/1000 the power of the noise radiated by
  an operating PC)
• 100 Mbits/sec over 10 meters
• Concern re interference with GPS apparently
  unfounded
• Approval seriously upset large companies that
  bought spectrum

62
Ultrawideband

• Could be very big, but caught in IEEE standard
  wrangling 802.11n may overtake
• Excels at multimedia audio/video connectivity for
  handheld devices
• Speed/power ratio (bits moved/battery consumed)
  very high
• Think wireless from digital camcorder to plasma
  TV

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Road Map 2

• Digital spread spectrum
• Bluetooth
• 802.egad
• New tech
• Ubiquity
• Dissemination

64
OLED Displays

• Organic Light Emitting Diodes
• Series of organic thin films between two
  conductors
• Bright light emitted when current applied
• Can be constructed on plastic or metallic foil
  substrate thus, flexible!
• Lighter weight, brighter image, wider viewing
  angle, broader operating temps

65
Power Paper

• Caseless batteries printed directly on paper
• Zinc-manganese dioxide battery the thickness of
  paper in a milk carton
• Capacity proportional not to volume, but to area
  about one square foot for power of a conventional
  AA alkaline battery
• Example smart label monitors temperature of
  packages of blood being shipped

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Smart Labels (RFID tags)

• Microchip transmitters can be as small as a grain
  of salt
• Passive (no battery) or active (self-powered)
• Embedded in clothing lables (Benetton)
• In each euro note by end of 2005
• Self-listing contents of shipping containers
• VeriChip used in Katrina morgue

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Smart Labels (RFID tags)

• Use in libraries, video stores
• Prescription medicine containers that know whats
  in them, speak doses for impaired
• Track wandering Alzheimer patients
• Shippers find pallets, containers
• E-ZPass for road, bridge tolls
• Amusement parks, recreation facilities

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Smarter Labels? H-P
Memory Spot

• Announced July 2006
• Size of tomato seed or small grain of rice
• Chip contains memory, modem, antenna,
  microprocessor, 2 mm sq
• 512 KB memory now 2 GB coming
• Read and write at speeds up to 10 Mbits/sec
• Many, many uses

69
Talking Prescription Bottle

• MedivoxRx on the market now
• Disposable talking bottle provides audible label
  information
• Makes information about their medications more
  accessible to people who are elderly, visually or
  cognitively impaired, illiterate, or speak a
  different language

70
Nike iPod Sport Kit

• Elegant high-tech runners aid
• Gyroscopically enabled instrument the size of a
  pebble measures your pace from a pocket inside
  the shoe
• Streams data to a wireless receiver on the iPod
  distance, pace, time, calories burned
• Docking the iPod uploads data to a server

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USB Flash Drives Host Apps

• U3 common framework for applications to be
  delivered on USB Flash drives
• Founded by SanDisk and M-Systems, to develop and
  license mobility and security APIs, hardware
  specs, and accompanying intellectual property
• Examples MedicAlert, MedInfoChip
• See also Ceedo Personal and PowerToGo

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Smart Bandage

• University of Rochester
• Silicon sensor can tell Gram-positive from
  Gram-negative bacteria
• Molecule on dressing binds with lipid A molecule
  to make subtle color change
• Combine with tiny transmitter to broadcast news
  of infection to computer
• Digital plaster from Imperial College, UK

73
Gut Check

• Wireless, remote controlled video-equipped
  capsule half the size of a grape
• View inside of the GI tract without CT, MRI,
  endoscopy, surgery
• Tiny electrodes on front and rear of capsule
  allow forward, reverse, lingering at lesion or
  other point of interest

74
MEMS

• Microelectromechanical systems
• Minuscule gears, motors, other devices
• Keep an eye on this technology!
• Millipede MEMS storage system from IBM Zurich
  terabit/square inch
• Fascinating picture gallery at Sandia Labs

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Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks (ZigBee)

• ZigBee standard 802.15.4
• Thousands to millions of sensors
• Monitor traffic weather troop movements
  structural stress in buildings, bridges
• Mite-size sensors called motes organize
  themselves into mesh network
• Very low duty cycle to save battery power

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Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks (ZigBee)

• Sensors can be as small as one cubic mm
• Turn on periodically to listen to one another
• Identify which other devices they can hear
• Allow data to traverse the network, sensor by
  sensor
• UC-Berkeley motes from spinoff Crossbow
• Monitoring storm petrel nesting burrows on Great
  Duck Island

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Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks (ZigBee)

• Sensor net suspects structural problem on your
  bridge?
• Send Climber up to take a look!
• Monitoring environmental changes high up in the
  forest canopy?
• Nerveless Treebot not worried by heights

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Grid Computing

• Not new, but getting a lot of buzz
• University of Wisconsin Condor initiative
• Requires middleware
• SETI project well known
• TeraGrid another example, funded by NSF
• More recently, Playstation 3 for protein folding
  calculations

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Road Map 2

• Digital spread spectrum
• Bluetooth
• 802.egad
• New tech
• Ubiquity
• Dissemination

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Ubiquity

• Embedded systems (Java ibutton)
• Wearable computing
• Smart clothes
• More links than you might expect
• Lingerie department
• Across the pond

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Road Map 2

• Digital spread spectrum
• Bluetooth
• 802.egad
• New tech
• Ubiquity
• Dissemination

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Spread of the Technology

• Total worldwide bandwidth grows tenfold annually
• Optical bandwidth grows much faster than
  electronic bandwidth
• Traffic on the Internet doubles every three
  months
• More than 80 of the worlds data originates in a
  computer-generated format

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Interesting Quote

• During the last 300,000 years, the human race
  generated 12 exabytes (million trillion bytes) of
  information. That body of knowledge will double
  in the next 30 months.
• 
  UC-Berkeley study

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Useful Web Sites

• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
• Wi-Fi Planet (wireless)
• FierceWiFi (wireless)
• Crossbow Technology (mesh networks)
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
  Numbers (ICANN)
• COG (low tech works too)