The Winds of Change

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The Winds of Change

• 1918-1939

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Casualties of WWI

• Russia 1,700,000
• France 1,357,800
• Britain 908,371
• Italy 650,000
• US 126,000
• Japan 300
• Romania 335,706
• Serbia 45,000
• Belgium 13,716
• Greece 5,000
• Portugal 7,222
• Montenegro 3,000
• TOTAL 12, 831,004

• Germany 4,216,058
• Austria-Hungary 3,620,000
• Turkey 400,000
• Bulgaria 152,390
• TOTAL 8,388,448
• OVERALL TOTAL
• 21, 219, 452

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TREATY OF VERSAILLES

• Signed on June 28, 1919
• WILSONS 14 POINTS
• LEAGUE OF NATIONS
• FRENCH AND BRITISH REVENGE
• GERMANYS HIGH PRICE

• Germany lost 13 percent of its territory
• Reparations were fixed in 1921 at 132 billion
  gold marks
• Disarmament of Germany
• No tanks, no air force and no submarines
• Most humiliating aspects of the treaty was
  Article 231 which held Germans responsible for
  causing World War I

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Rise of the Fascists State

• Fascism
• The most restrictive definitions of fascism
  include only one government, that of Mussolini in
  Italy. However, the term is frequently applied to
  Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler

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• Benito Mussolini Dictator-1922 to 1943. IL
  DUCE
• Fascism through Terror and propaganda
• Italian Fascism was an adverse reaction to both
  the perceived failure of laissez-faire economics
  and fear of international Bolshevism

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Mussolini

• War against Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 19351936
• League of Nations Sanctions
• 1936-1939-Sided with Germany in Spanish Civil War
  
• May 1939 the Pact of Blood Pact of Steel with
  Hitler created the Rome-Berlin Axis
• November 1936
• New Roman Empire" stretching east to Palestine
  and south through North Africa.
• He was unprepared for war when Hitler invaded
  Poland.

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Weimar Republic

• Weimar Republic
• Puppet government of allies
• Freidrich Ebert
• Crisis of 1923 Economic Failure
• 4,200,000,000 marks to the U.S. dollar

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Fall of the Weimar

• The Weimar Republic had some of the most serious
  economic problems ever experienced by any Western
  democracy
• hyperinflation
• Politically and socially unstable
• In 1932, about 5 million Germans were unemployed.
  Many blamed the Weimar Republic

• People felt betrayed by Treaty of Versailles
• Opposition to the Weimar

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POLITICAL PARTIES OF POSTT WW1 GERMANY FAR LEFT
TO FAR RIGHT

• KPD-COMMUNIST
• SPD-SOCIALIST
• DDP-DEMOCRATIC UPPER MIDDLE CLASS
• CENTER PARTY-CATHOLICS
• DVP-PEOPLES PARTY
• DNVP-CONCERVATIVES-OLD ARISTOCRATS

• RULE BY COMMITTEE
• LACK OF MAJORITY
• REFUSAL TO ACT
• PRESIDENT BRUNING

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ADOLF HITLER

• 1920 BEGAN TO EXPAND THE NAZI PARTY
• Sturmabteilung or S.A. - Hitler's brown shirted
  storm troopers were used like controlled thugs
  POPULAR WITH COLLEGE AGED MEN
• 1920 Hitler chose the swastika as the Nazi party
  emblem. 
• Leader of the Nazi Party by 1921

• Born on April 20TH 1889 in Braunau-am-Inn,
  Austria.
• 1914, he volunteered for service in the German
  army and was accepted into the 16th Bavarian
  Reserve Infantry
• Promoted to corporal and decorated with both the
  Iron Cross Second Class and First Class.

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• The Beer Hall Putsch - 1923 
• November 8th 1923 Hitler led an attempt to take
  over the local Bavarian Government in Munich
• The coup was not successful
• End with Hitlers SA men being stopped by Munich
  Police
• Hitler had fled the scene and was later arrested
  and charged with treason.
• After his trial for treason he was sentenced to
  five years in Landsberg prison, however he had
  successfully used the trial itself to gain
  publicity for himself and his ideas.
• While at Landsberg Hitler began dictating his
  thoughts and philosophies to Rudolf Hess which
  became the book "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle). 

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• December 1924 released
• Created the infamous SS (Schutzstaffel)
• Hitler's bodyguard under the leadership of
  Heinrich Himmler. 
• World Wide Depression
• President Hindenburg  was forced to dissolve the
  Reichstag and call for new elections.
• The Nazi Party won 6.4 million votes which made
  them the second largest party in the Reichstag.
• Nazis Become the Largest Party - 1932 

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WHY THE NAZIS???

• NATIONAL LOCAL MOVEMENT
• IRRESPONSIBILITY
• RHETORIC OF THE PARTY
• CYNICAL NATURE OF THE PEOPLE AND THE PARTY
• RISE OF COMMUNIST VOTERS

• HITLER
• ACTIVE YOUNG MOVEMENT
• VIOLENCE APPEAL OF THE SA
• MASSIVE DEMENSTRATIONS-TRIUMPH OF THE WILL

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• January 30th, 1933 President Hindenburg appointed
  Hitler Chancellor
• Nazi Herman Goering was President of the
  Reichstag (German Senate)
• The Burning of the Reichstag - February 1933 
  Hitler arrested all Communist deputies of the
  Reichstag
• Nazi Party was to be the only political party
  allowed in Germany.

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The Night of the Long Knives 1934 

• Hitler ordered Himmler and Goering to take action
  against the leaders of the SA.
• June 30, 1934 Himmler's SS and Goering's special
  police arrested and executed the leaders of the
  SA
• The beginning of the THIRD REICH-1000 YEARS

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• Heinrich Himmler-Herman Goering
• Hitlers Henchmen
• The Attacks killed Former Chancellor Kurt von
  Schleicher-murdered in his doorway
• This night was the last for many high ranking
  Nazi Officers
• Ernest Rohm-Head of SA-shot by 2 policemen
• As most of the SA Brass he was Homosexual
• This was discovered by Himmler

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Fuehrer and Reich Chancellor

• Nazification of Germany
• Gestapo
• Spitting in the face of Versailles
• Hitler Youth
• Rearming of Germany
• Resolving economic problems
• On the verge of War-1935-1939
• Olympics in Berlin 1936

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Soviet Union

• Begins with the fall of Imperial Russia
• The Bolsheviks
• Vladimir I. Lenin
• Bread, Land, Peace
• Leon Trotsky
• Joseph Stalin

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Lenin and Stalin
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• Lenin dies in Jan 1924 a power struggle in sues
  between Trotsky and Stalin
• Trotsky is arrested exiled

Trotsky is murdered In Mexico
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STALIN AND THE USSR

• Stalin's rule was characterized by a strong Cult
  of Personality
• Extreme concentration of power, and little
  concern for the harsh consequences of strict
  policies
• Red Purges
• No Body, No Problem
• Roughly 20 million Russians die on his watch

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• Head of Politburo
• Collectivization
• Gulag forced labor camps
• Kulaks
• wealthy Russians who refused Collectivization
• NEP- 5 year plans
• Ruled by absolute fear
• Enemies of the People
• Family of Enemies of the People
• GUGB-instrument of ethnic cleansing and
  genocide

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• The following ethnic groups were deported
  completely or partially Ukrainians, Poles,
  Koreans, Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks,
  Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachays, Meskhetian
  Turks, Finns, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians,
  Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians. Large numbers
  of Kulaks, regardless of their nationality, were
  resettled to Siberia and Central Asia.

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• Believed that war with Germany could be avoided
• By 1936-1937 the massive Soviet Union was
  prepared for war, but not ready to fight
• Stalin will make his greatest mistake and trust
  Hitler

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THE LAND OF THE RISING SUN

• By 1874 the Japanese military began to conquer
  surrounding lands
• By 1895 they were recognized by the world as a
  serious power in Asia
• Russo-Japanese War
• Within 16 months Japan had sunk much of the
  Russian Navy and gained territories in Manchuria
  and Korea through the Treaty of Portsmouth in
  1905.

• In 1922 England cut her allegiances with Japan
  both the United States and Great Britain saw
  Japans navy as a threat to their naval dominance
  

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• July 7, 1937, Japanese troops and warships poured
  into China
• They occupied Peking and Shanghai. In December
  1937 they took Nanjing, the Kuomintang capital.
• Crowded with refugees, the Nationalists abandoned
  Nanjing to its fate at the hands of the Japanese.
  
• Over a period of six weeks, hundreds of thousands
  of Chinese were killed, women were raped, and the
  city sacked in what became known as the Rape of
  Nanjing.

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• War with China begins 1937
• Need for Resources hatred of Chinese
• Felt Those who surrendered were cowards
• Did not follow normal rules for treatment of
  civilians and POWs
• Forced Chinese and Korean women to become
  COMFORT WOMEN for soldiers.
• Many of the great atrocities of war were
  committed by the Japanese.

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World War I Impact on the West

• Isolationism
• Nationalism
• Alliances
• Fear of another global conflict
• Rise of communism
• Americas Roaring 20s
• Separated by an Ocean

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POST WW I AMERICA

• ROARING 20S
• ECONOMIC BOOM
• THE LOST GENERATION
• ECONOMICS ON THE EDGE

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GREAT DEPRESSION

• HIT OCT. 29, 1929 AND THROWS THE WORLD INTO A
  TALESPIN
• FDR
• NEW DEAL
• REBUILDING A STRUGGLING NATION
• FEAR OF COMMUNISM
• RISE OF SOCIALISM
• TOO MANY QUESTIONS
• RESOURCES FOR THE WORLD???

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• THE STAGE IS SET AND THE PLAYERS ARE IN PLACE WHO
  WILL BE THE FIRST TO ACT
• LET THE CHESS MATCH FOR WORLD CONQUEST BEGIN