Europeans and the New World

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Europeans and the New World

• 1492-1600
• Chapter 1

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Opening Vignette

• Columbus Encounters the Tainos of San Salvador

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Columbus Encounters the Tainos of San Salvador
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Europeans and the New World

• Europe in the Age of Exploration
• A Surprising New World in the Western Atlantic
• Spanish Exploration and Conquest
• The New World and Europe
• Conclusion The Legacy of the Sixteenth Century

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Europe in the Age of Exploration

• A. D. 1000 the Norse established settlements in
  the New World
• Europes interests were in the East not West
• Europe had developed a taste for luxuries
• It was dangerous
• But it could be VERY PROFITTABLE!!!

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Europe in the Age of Exploration

• Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion
• A Century of Portuguese Exploration

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Europe in the Age of Exploration
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Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion

• From the 12th to the 15th Century Trade was
  controlled by the Italian Cities in the Med.
• The other countries felt the grip.
• This is only one reason the other countries
  sought other routes to the east.

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Mediterranean Trade
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Mediterranean Trade

• Spice
• Silk
• Carpets
• Ivory
• Gold

• Persia
• Asia Minor
• India
• Africa
• China

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European Expansion

• There were other reasons.
• Conquest and Empire-See Spanish
• The Black Plague
• The hope of gaining land
• Scientific and technological advancements

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A Century of Portuguese Exploration

• SMALL
• TINY
• ITTY BITTY
• Will spend BIG money on Exploration
• Helped the Spanish Drive off the Muslims from the
  Iberian Peninsula
• Turning point for Portugalcapture of Ceuta 1415

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A Century of Portuguese Exploration

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Son of the King of Portugal
• Techie 1415-1460
• Expand types of Trade
• Push his explorers
• Blessing of the King and the Pope

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A Century of Portuguese Exploration
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A Century of Portuguese Exploration
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A Century of Portuguese Exploration
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A Century of Portuguese Exploration

• Bartolomeu Dias
• 1488 Cape of Good Hope
• The possibility of sailing to India

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A Century of Portuguese Exploration

• Vasco da Gama
• 1498 First trip to India
• No middle men
• No mark ups
• No over land travel
• No Italians

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A Surprising New World in the Western Atlantic

• The Explorations of Columbus
• The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian
  Exchange

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The Explorations of Columbus

• Born 1451 in Genoa
• At sea at 14
• Married well Felipa Moniz
• Father-in-law grew up in the home of Henry the
  Nav.
• Columbus inherited all maps, charts and papers.

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The Explorations of Columbus

• Columbus has a plan
• He believes Asia is 2500 miles from his front
  doorto the west.
• In reality, Asia is more than 11,000 miles
• Good sailorBad Math

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The Explorations of Columbus

• Portuguese King first
• So he moves to Spain
• Henry VII of England
• He then goes to the French
• He finally finds support

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The Explorations of Columbus

• They give him three ships
• They really dont have much to lose
• The could have a lot to gain.

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The Explorations of Columbus

• Use the Technology and sailing skills of the
  Portuguese.
• Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
• Six weeks laterpay dirt.

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The Explorations of Columbus

• What went wrong???
• No Asians
• No wealth
• Three months searching for who?
• The King of Japan
• Takes six Tainos back with him

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The Explorations of Columbus

• They are happy as larks
• Spain is now first place
• Columbus is made Admiral of the Ocean Sea
• The six heathern are baptized
• They run to the PopeAlexander IV

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The Explorations of Columbus
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The Explorations of Columbus

• Columbus goes back to Asia
• 17 ships and 1000 settlers and workers
• Ship Wreck strands 39 sailors on Hispaniola
• When he comes backbad things
• Dies in 1505

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The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian
Exchange

• From this point on everything changes

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The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian
Exchange
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The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian
Exchange

• John Cabot
• Giovanni Caboto
• born 1455 in Gaeta, near Naples
• First trip - Newfounland
• Second tripnever heard from again

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The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian
Exchange

• Amerigo Vespucci
• Passion for Geography
• 1499 Sailed with Spanish to New World
• Landed South American Continent
• 1507 German Map maker Named the New World
  America

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The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian
Exchange

• Pedro Alvars Cabral
• Headed for the Indian ocean
• Oops-Brazil
• Vespucci sent to check it out

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The Explorations of Columbus
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The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian
Exchange

• 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balbao crossed the isthmus
  of Panama
• 1519 Magellan leaves on his voyage
• 5 Ships 250 men
• 1520 killed by Philippine tribesmen
• 1 Ship 18 men

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The Explorations of Columbus
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The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian
Exchange

• This was a disaster
• What did it prove?
• Columbus was a good Sailor but
• You can get there this way, but
• From this point on, If you go west, it is for the
  new world.

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The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian
Exchange

• From Europe
• Christianity
• Iron tech
• Sailing Ships
• Firearms
• Wheeled vehicles
• Horses and other domesticated animals
• Smallpox, measles

• To Europe
• Corn
• Potatoes
• Pineapples
• Tobacco
• STD - Syphilis

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Spanish Exploration and Conquest

• Up to this time, the New World was barley paying
  for itself.
• But After 1519, The New World would make Spain
  the most powerful nation in the world

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Spanish Exploration and Conquest

• At first, Spanish Exploration was along the coast
  and islands
• They established settlements on the large islands
• Enslaved Caribbean Tribes Mine Gold, Grow Crops
• But by 1519 things will change

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Spanish Exploration and Conquest

• The Conquest of Mexico
• The Search for Other Mexicos
• New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
• The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization
• Northern Outposts in Florida and New Mexico

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The Conquest of Mexico

• 1504 arrives in new world 19 years old
• Fought in Cuba
• 1519 given OK to go to the mainlandWhy?
• A fabled Kingdom of GOLD
• Takes 600 men, 11 Ships

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The Conquest of Mexico

• Very Charismatic His men will follow him
• Lands on the Yucatan peninsula
• Meets a Mayan chief
• Chief gives him an interpreter Malinali
• She learned Spanish
• She would be very useful to Cortes

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The Conquest of Mexico

• Montezuma hears about them
• He thinks its Quetzalcoatl as was predicted
• He sends gifts worthy of a god
• Marina clues Cortes about Quetzalcoatl
• Cortes puts on the divine cloths
• People return and tell Montezuma Everything they
  saw
• He makes a feast for them
• Just the way Quetzalcoatl likes it.

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The Conquest of Mexico

• 1519 Cortes takes 350 of his men to find
  Montezuma
• Cortes takes him hostage-puppet king
• One of Cortes men does a bad thing
• 1520 Cortes must flee with the remainder of his
  men
• He makes friends-Tlaxcalans
• He regroups and prepares
• He returns to lay siege to the city
• Along with tens of thousands of Indians

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The Search for Other Mexicos
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The Search for Other Mexicos

• Francisco Pizarro 1532 Peru
• With two hundred men captured the Incan ruler -
  Atahualpa
• They gave him the largest treasure yet
• They killed the ruler

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The Search for Other Mexicos
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The Search for Other Mexicos

• Juan Ponce de Leon 1521 Florida Killed by
  Calusa Indians
• Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon 1525 Atlantic Coast
  from Fl. to S.C.
• Establish small settlement in Ga.
• Within a few months they become sick and most die
• Panfilo de Narvaez 1528 Gulf coast from FL to
  TX Ends badly on coast of TX

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The Search for Other Mexicos

• Hernando de Soto 1539 Inland
• Involved in Peru
• 600 men, 9 ships
• Searching for a Peru in North America
• Dies in 1542
• His men bury him and bolt

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The Search for Other Mexicos
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The Search for Other Mexicos

• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 1540 Southwest
  and Great Plains
• 300 Spanish, 1000 Indians, 1500 horses, and a
  priest

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The Search for Other Mexicos
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The Search for Other Mexicos

• Juan Rodriguez Careillo 1542 West coast of
  California
• Dies on Santa Catalina Island
• Men push on to Oregon

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New Spain in the Sixteenth Century

• Spain controled the New World in the 16th Century
• Portugal had Brazil but not interested in
  colonies
• The Crown allowed them to do what they wanted
• Crown took the royal fifth

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New Spain in the Sixteenth Century

• New Spain was governed by Encomiendas
• Similar to a Feudal system
• Indians were under the authority of the
  conquistadors
• The Indians did all the labor
• The Encomienderos ensured they could become
  Christians
• This System brought about 2 types of critics

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New Spain in the Sixteenth Century

• The first set of critics were the Priests
• Fray Bartolome de Las Casas
• Did not influence the Encomienderos
• Did win friends in Noble Circle at home
• The second set of critics were the Royal
  bureaucrats
• Not concerned with the mistreatment of Indians
• Concerned with the autonomy of the encomienderos

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New Spain in the Sixteenth Century

• The Crown would try to reform the system
• 1549 repartimiento was an attempt to regulate the
  forced labor
• Never really had an impact two reasons
• The Royals were still getting rich
• The coerced labor was based on racist assumptions

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The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization

• By 1560
• Major centers of Indian civilization had been
  conquered
• Indian leaders overthrown
• Their religious practices suppressed
• Their people forced into slavery

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The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization

• Not only human conquest
• Disease was conquering them also
• Smallpox, Measles, Respiratory illness
• By 1570, fifty years after Cortes
• The native population had fallen to 10 of when
  Columbus arrived.
• Of course this did not escape Spanish notice,
  something would have to be done

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The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization

• Import slaves from Africa
• By 1550, only 15,000 African slaves
• From 1550 to 1600 this would increase to 36,000
• This would complicate things for the Spanishvery
  race conscious

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Northern Outposts in Florida and New Mexico

• 1493 Pope gives new world to Spain
• Needed settlements to prove it.
• Needed settlements to protect gold shipments
• Group of French Protestants were in Flordia

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Northern Outposts in Florida and New Mexico

• 1565 Pedro Menendez Aviles
• Create settlements along the Atlantic coast
• He removes the French from St. Augustine
• 1567 St. Elena (Parris Island)
• Sent a group to Chesapeake Bay-bad move

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Northern Outposts in Florida and New Mexico

• 1598 Juan Onate
• Father was silver miner
• Wife was Isabel Tolosa Cortes Montezuma
• Modern Day New Mexico
• The Indians swore an oath to God and King in each
  pueblo
• San Gabriel (Santa Fe)
• Acoma Pueblo revolted 800 M-W-C

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The New World and Europe

• The Protestant Reformation and the European Order
• New World Treasure and Spanish Ambitions
• Europe and the Spanish Example

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The Protestant Reformation and the European Order

• Martin Luther
• Good Catholic Monk
• Wanted to reform from the inside
• The Kings and Princes may have had other plans

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New World Treasure and Spanish Ambitions

• Charles V
• Son Philip II
• Spent more than was coming from America
• Taxed the Spanish not the nobles
• Had to borrow money from banks

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Europe and the Spanish Example

• 1534 Cartier- St. Lawrence
• 1564 Huguenots
• 1576 Martin Frobisher NW Passage

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Europe and the Spanish Example

• Sir Humphrey Gilbert
• 1578 1583 attempted colonies in New Foundland
• Lost at sea
• Sir Walter Raleigh

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Europe and the Spanish Example

• 1585-First trip left no one
• 1587-Sent back about 100 settlers
• John White leader
• White went back for supplies
• 1590-Everyone Gone
• Croatoan carved on tree

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Conclusion The Legacy of the Sixteenth Century

• Whole new world
• Columbian Exchange
• European Monarchs found
• Resources to exploit
• Land to expand Empire
• Wealth beyond their dreams
• Some of these dreams would turn to nightmares