Land Use City Planning City Design

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Land UseCity PlanningCity Design

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Land Use Definition

• Land use is the modification of the natural
  environment or wilderness by humans
• Modifications include creating fields, pastures,
  roads, and settlements

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Government

• City/ Urban Government
• Common Council
• Mayor
• Alderperson
• Country/ Rural Government
• Town Chair
• County Board

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Public Hearings

• Recommendations made by council committees may
  require public hearings
• The public is invited to make comments to the
  common council
• Are 12 and 13 year olds allowed to speak at
  council meetings and public hearings?
• YES!

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Zoning

• Residential (R-1 R-2 R-3)
• Single family duplex multifamily
• Commercial
• Agricultural (A-1 A-2 A-3)
• Tax Exempt
• School, church, city hall, police, fire
• Recreational
• Industrial

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City Growth Urban Planning

• Includes the built and social environments of
  municipalities and communities
• Building Architecture
• Landscape Architecture
• Roads and highways
• Recreation
• Education
• Safety

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Eminent Domain

• Eminent domain gives the government the right to
  possess all property within the state
• It was intended to only take private property
  for public use (roads, utilities)
• However it recently has been invoked to take
  land for commercial businesses like shopping malls

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Annexation

• Its the process that transfers parcels of land
  from smaller towns to cities
• For cities its a way to continue growing and
  developing
• Towns lose population, territory, and taxes so
  its often seen as hostile
• If its not done thoughtfully, it can lead to
  higher taxes for the city

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America- Building for the Automobile

• One in Eight (12.5) jobs in the U.S. is
  directly related to transportation
• 440,000 public school buses transport 24 million
  children each day
• 68.9 of all petroleum used in the US is for
  transportation

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More Transportation Facts

• In 2006 there were 8,371,718 miles of roads in
  the U.S. (US DOT)
• That equals almost 55,000 SQUARE MILES of land
  used just for roads
• This does not include parking lots!
• Wisconsins land area is 54,310 sq miles

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Automobiles have changed the landscape

• Paving land means that water cant percolate
  into the ground water
• That water is funneled into lakes and rivers via
  storm drains
• This can destroy aquatic organisms
• Watertown gets about 30.88 inches of
  precipitation annually

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Lets put that in Perspective

• A parking lot is 50 feet by 100 feet
• The area 5000 sq feet times 12 equals
• 60,000 sq inches
• Times 30.88 inches of precipitation
• Equals 1,852,800 cubic inches of water divided
  by 12 equals
• 154,400 cubic feet divided by 3 equals
• 51,466.666 cubic yards of water
• Thats 10,396,065.03 gallons from that one
  parking lot in one year

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Floodplains protect against flooding
River at flood stage
Floodplain
Floodplain
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Filling in building in the floodplain
Flooding inevitable
Floodplain buried by fill
Floodplain buried by fill
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Sprawl in Watertown

• Many of the commercial buildings on Hwy 26 are
  built on filled-in floodplain
• The drive-thru for Rocky Rococos slid into the
  river one week after it opened
• Now that there is no floodplain, where will the
  water go after a flood?
• We cant keep allowing this kind of development
  without repercussions

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Sustainability

• Sustainability is a characteristic of a process
  or state that can be maintained at a certain
  level indefinitely
• Sustainable Development
• Stephen Wheeler Development that improves the
  long-term social and ecological health of cities
  and towns."

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Why consider Sustainability?

• Urban development creates many problems
• Overuse of natural resources
• Ecosystem/ Natural Habitat destruction
• Urban heat islands and climate change
• Pollution
• Growing inequality in cities (Racism)
• Poor living conditions quality of life
• How can quality of life be made better?

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Man's heart away from nature becomes hard
Chief Luther Standing Bear, 1891
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Greenspace

• Greenspace provides natural areas for people
  living in urban areas
• Greenspaces are multi-functional and are used by
  many different people for many different things
• It can help deter flooding
• They also offer habitat for wildlife

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Greenspace Fukuoka City, Japan
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Greenspace Piedmont Park, Atlanta
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What can you see in this field?
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Urban Sprawl

• Urban growth without central planning and
  control becomes urban sprawl
• It often starts by building along main roads and
  highways
• Sprawl is made worse by commercial development
  like strip malls
• Provides high visibility for advertising

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Example of Strip Mall
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Sprawl Costs Us All

• Allowing sprawl costs taxpayers more than
  careful planning and development
• Cities must provide new infrastructure (schools,
  roads, police, fire, gas lines, water and sewer)
  to serve a dispersed population
• These costs are more than the city gets back in
  tax revenue
• All infrastructure needs maintenance

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• Sprawl development forces more commuting
• Driving to work and to the store means we spend
  more on fuel and car maintenance
• Families spend less time together
• Smart Growth includes a convenient blend of
  residential and commercial zoning
• Smart Growth is sustainable
• It allows choices of walking or biking to
  destinations

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Sprawl happens even in the country
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Sprawl follows the roads
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There is no way to walk to the store with this
kind of development
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Conservation Design

• Randall Arendt is well known designer
• http//www.landchoices.org/docfilm/arendt_clip1.h
  tm
• Controlled-growth land use that adopts the
  principle that nature knows best
• Allows sustainable development while protecting
  the areas natural features in perpetuity
• Includes preserving open space and vista,
  protecting farmland and natural habitats
• Maintains the quaint character of rural
  communities

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Does this look like a healthy place to live?
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Typical Development
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Homes on Large Lots
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Conservation Design
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Smaller lots with more Greenspace
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Common Greenspace requires a change in thinking

• We need to move past the idea of exclusive
  ownership, to some extent
• We adopt a cooperative philosophy that sharing
  these spaces is best for everyone, not just those
  that can afford large lots

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Subdivision Design Project
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Riverwood Subdivision

• Role Play- Zenith Council meeting
• Riverwood is the oldest part of the large city
  Zenith
• Zenith has a population of 200,000
• The following arguments are from past student
  responses

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Pro-Development

• New jobs
• More jobs
• Buildings in disrepair need fixing
• Hazardous woods not safe for kids
• More people means less taxes
• More income for city services

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Pro-Development

• Less poverty
• Better education more schools
• Better transportation/ more efficient
• Modern buildings- energy efficient
• More things to do more skate parks, etc.

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Pro-Development

• Less welfare
• Improved technology
• More sports for kids
• Sustain professional sports
• Less dust from dirt roads
• City can grow better if we start over

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Pro-Development

• New boat dock
• ABC will pay to relocate residents
• Marsh full of garbage
• More money for parks
• Offer enough to bring Olympics to Zenith

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Pro-Development

• Proposal can change if needed
• Taller buildings, less land used
• Modern buildings are cool
• More tourism more hotels, casinos
• More police- safer
• Increased business connections

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Anti-Development

• View will be obstructed
• Landmarks destroyed
• Need to keep marsh for wildlife and flood
  control
• Children play in woods
• More air pollution with development
• More traffic more accidents

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Anti-Development

• Pay more for insurance
• Higher taxes
• Less farmland if developed
• More noise pollution
• Transportation problems traffic jams
• There is a petition against it

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Anti-Development

• More water pollution
• Not enough residential/ homes
• Poor land use
• Architecture not aesthetic
• More crime
• More poverty

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Anti-Development

• Too many people
• Buildings too close
• Not enough greenspace
• More maintenance/ cost
• Loss of quaintness

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Anti-Development

• More competition for jobs
• Gangs like bigger cities
• Waste disposal problems
• Less outdoor recreation
• Lose natural beauty

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Anti-Development

• Smaller community is family-oriented
• More boats mean we cant swim
• Not as peaceful
• Wont be able to fish
• Modern buildings look ugly

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Now what?

• Both sides have valid arguments
• We should be able to find sound solutions to
  these problems

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Consensus

• Achieving consensus requires serious
  consideration of every opinion
• Your job is to create a proposal that finds a
  compromise between the pro-development and
  anti-development factions
• You will present your proposal orally

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Victorian Style Architecture
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Greek Revival Style Architecture
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Art Deco Style Architecture
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Modern Architecture
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Spanish Revival Architecture
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Georgian Architecture
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Richardsonian Romanesque Architecture
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Early Colonial Architecture
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Country/ Log Construction