Chapter 12, 13

1
Chapter 12, 13 Part 14 Review
2
Topics Covered

• DNA Discovery Scientists
• DNA Structure
• DNA Replication
• Protein Synthesis
• Transcription
• Translation
• 
  

• Mutation
• Gene Regulation
• Human Studies
• Genetic Engineering

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Scientists Involved In DNA Discovery

• Griffith Bacterial Transformation
• Avery (modified Griffith) eliminated
  everything but DNA and had Transformation
• Hershey/Chase Traced radioactive viral DNA
• Chargaff Discovered A T , G C pairing
• Franklin X-Ray diffraction of DNA helix
• Watson/Crick DNA structure and H bonding

4
DNA Structure
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DNA Replication
1. DNA Unwinds, H bonds broken two template
strands 2. DNA Polymerase enters between strands,
adds correct bases 3. Semi Conservative Strands
Formed 4. DNA rewinds
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Protein Synthesis
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Transcription and Translation

• mRNA is transcribed from DNA in nucleus (Ts to
  Us !!!)
• mRNA enters Cytoplasm and meets with ribosome
  (rRNA)
• 3. mRNA Codon is read by matching tRNA
  (anticodon)
• 4. Matching tRNA brings correct amino acid
• Chain of amino acids protein

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Whats the Code?

• What is the mRNA if this is the DNA?
• What is the tRNA from the mRNA?
• DNA A T G C C G A T T A G G C T A
• mRNA U A C G G C U A A U C C G A U
• tRNA A U G C C G A U U A G G C U A
• Which one is read to make the protein?
• mRNA

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Mutation 2 Types
1. Gene Mutation Substitution, Insertion,
Deletion 2. Chromosome Mutation Deletion,
Inversion, Translocation, Duplication
What type of mutation is this?
What types of mutations are these?
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Gene Control

• Operons are the control site of a gene
• Repressors are proteins that bind to Operons
• Genes cannot be Transcribed
• Saves Energy

Exon Gene
Intron
11
Selective BreedingDogs and Horses and Geep oh
my!
Inbreeding similar organisms to produce desired
traits Hybridization dissimilar organisms to
produce desired combination
Geep Hybrid of Goat and Sheep
Inbred Weimeraner Dog
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Polyploidy Extra Set of Chromosomes

• Form of Genetic Engineering
• Fatal in Animals
• Makes plants bigger, better
• Ex Big Strawberries!

13
How to Study Humans
Pedigree
Karyotype
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How to Clone a Human Gene
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What is this?
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Transgenic vs. Clone
Transgenic Organisms have genes inserted from
another organism Cloned Organisms have the exact
same DNA as another organism
Tobacco Plant with firefly gene
Dolly the cloned sheep