U'S' Seedstock Industry

1
U.S. Seedstock Industry

• AnS 225
• Fall 2009

2
Structure of the Seedstock Industry

• Corporate breeding companies
• Independent seedstock producers

3
Products of Seedstock Suppliers

• Genetics - genetic merit of the pigs
• System - terminal crossbreeding system,
  specialized lines, etc.
• Service - recommendations, consultation, records,
  etc.

4
Independent Seedstock Producers

• Purebred-based, most have 2 breeds
• Herd size varies, multipliers, networks
• Purebred F1 boars, F1 3-way cross gilts
• Extensive on-farm testing - individual records
• Genetic variation - breed is one large herd
  through national testing program STAGES
• Show pig breeders

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Berkshire

• One of the oldest breeds
• (1823 in the U.S.)
• Imported from England - counties of Berkshire and
  Wiltshire
• American Berkshire Association established in
  1875 - first swine registry in the world
• Original Berkshire - reddish or sandy color -
  crossed with Siamese and Chinese pigs

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Berkshires, cont.

• Chester and Delaware counties in PN (near
  Lancaster County)
• Dominated market shows in 1940s and 1950s
• Black with six white points and erect ears
• Confinement adaptability, aggressive breeders
• Superior muscle quality
• Export marketing programs

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Chester White

• Early 19th century - Chester County, PA
• Yorkshire and Lincolnshire breeds from UK,
  Chester breed in NY
• Several early associations - combined starting
  1911
• Solid white with drooping ears
• Large litters, mothering ability
• Little use outside of U.S.
• Good meat quality

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Duroc

• First called Duroc-Jersey
• (Association established in 1883)
• Started from Jersey Reds of New Jersey, red
  Durocs of New York
• Originally from Spain and Portugal, also Guinea
  coast of Africa
• Reddish-brown strain of Berks

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Duroc, cont.

• Influenced by Danish and
• Canadian imports
• Reddish color with drooping ears
• Fast growth, feed efficiency, rugged, durable
• Superior muscle quality - intramuscular fat
• Terminal sire used widely throughout the world

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Hampshire

• One of oldest American breeds
• Boone Co., KY - imported from Hampshire County in
  England - 1825-1835
• From Old English Breed from Scotland and
  Saddleback
• Association established in 1893 - American Thin
  Rind Association
• Black with white belt, erect ears
• Leanness, carcass desirability

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Landrace

• Descendents of Danish Landrace
• Imported from Denmark by USDA in 1934, others
  from Norway and Sweden
• Association established in 1950, known as bacon
  type hog
• Solid white with large, floppy ears - long-bodied
• Mothering ability, survival rate

12
Poland

• Originated from more different breeds than any
  other breed of livestock
• Warren and Butler Counties in Ohio (1800-1850)
• Wide swings in popularity
• Black with six white points and drooping ears
• Meaty carcasses, large loin eyes

13
Spotted

• Descended from original
• Poland China in Ohio
• Developed in Indiana, association established in
  1914
• First known as Spotted Poland China
• Opened herdbook to Poland China in 1970s and
  Pietrain in 1990s
• White with black spots and drooping ears
• Fast growth rate, aggressive males

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Yorkshire

• Imported from northern
• England in York County around 1830
• Known as Large White in Europe, "Mother breed"
• Heavily influenced by recent importations from
  Sweden, England, Canada
• White with erect ears - long, big frame
• Have led in use of STAGES program

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Litter Recordings by Breed
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Litter Recordings By Breed
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Litter Recordings - All Breeds
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Pietrain

• From village of Pietrain, Belgium
• Exported to France and Germany
• Medium size - white with black spots
• Shorter legs, stocky, bulging hams
• Extreme muscle, high lean
• Used by breeding companies to increase lean
• HAL gene - poor meat quality

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USA Breeding Companies

• Trained geneticists
• Elaborate, large scale testing programs
• Tightly controlled health program
• Large scale, national advertisement
• Large volume suppliers
• Complete control of germplasm
• Numerous companies originated in England,
  Holland, Belgium

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PIC International

• Founded in 1962 by group of
• commercial producers in England
• Purchased by Dalgety corporation
• Now a subsidiary of biotech company Genus
• Genus is parent company of ABS Global
• Came to U.S. about 30 years ago
• Original elite herds in Kentucky and Wisconsin
• Nucleus herd in several locations

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PIC International

• Female program based on
• Camborough female (LW x Swed. Land.)
• Boar lines 380 Combination, 327L Lean, 337G
  Growth, 280M Meat quality
• Numerous line populations at nucleus level
• Largest company in the world (30 countries on six
  continents)
• Several multiplier programs -- AI studs

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Genetipork USA

• U.S. franchise of Genetiporc Canada (largest
  seedstock company in Canada)
• Breton family in Canada (grain poultry)
• Originally chosen to supply needs of producers --
  Morris Swine Health Center
• Daughter nucleus herds in MN -- genetic control
  in Canada
• Three site production - high health standards

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Newsham Choice Genetics

• Merger of Newsham Segher companies
• Recently purchased Monsanto Choice Genetics
• Based in Des Moines, nucleus in Colorado, parent
  company in U.K., started in 1991
• Terminal lines EBX, GX, UL, EB5, etc.
• Maternal lines SuperMom and Genepacker
• Three site production -- emphasis on health
• Gentel selection technology stress
• AI centers

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• Based on Danish Pig Breeding Program - linked
  directly to Danish system
• Started by Sid Burkey, NE and others
• Terminal line based on Duroc and Hamp x Duroc
  cross lines (Danish lines)
• BoarNet semen distribution network numerous
  sires in AI centers
• Maternal line based on Danish Large White and
  Landrace

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Babcock Genetics

• First called Midwest Swine, mainly in WI and MN -
  target small - medium size herds
• Nucleus herd located in Wisconsin
• Uses sales staff and contract production herds
• Closed Herd System - rotaterminal on-site gilt
  replacement
• Have eliminated the stress gene - first company
  to certify breeding stock free of the HAL gene

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Farmers Hybrid

• Founded in 1938 as seed corn company
• Swine breeding company started near Hampton, IA
  (1941)
• Purchased by Monsanto in 1969
• Early history was rotational scheme with
  synthetic breeds
• First company to hire Ph.D. geneticist (Dr. Earl
  Lasley)
• No longer in business

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National Swine Registry

• Located in West Lafayette, IN
• Formed by Duroc, Hampshire, and Yorkshire breeds
  in 1994
• Joined by Landrace in 1998
• National across-herd sire summaries - performance
  pedigrees
• Litter registrations, breed promotion, marketing
  assistance, educational materials

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AI Boar Studs

• Swine Genetics International (SGI), IA
• International Boar Semen (IBS), IA
• Top Cut Sires, OH
• Lean Value Sires, OH
• Highpoint Swine Genetics, IL
• Prairie States Semen Supply, IL
• Regional Commercial Studs

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1950 - 60s type hog
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1970s type hog
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Late 80s to early 90s
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Swine Breeding Pyramid
Seedstock/Nucleus Level
Gene Flow
Multiplication
Commercial Production
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Know the Industry

• Seedstock Level
• Purebreds, Synthetic Lines or Strains
• Base population for the industry
• Highest level of genetic improvement
• Multiple traits
• Focused, intense selection
• Genetic markers may be used
• Generally few breeders
• Relatively small herds Elite Herds
• Large capital investment

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Commercial Production

• Crossbreeding used extensively
• Heterosis is maximized
• Lines from the multiplication segment crossed
• Focus on the end-product
• Meat and by-products for human consumption
• Production efficiency is critical to success
• Large volume of production
• Large number of producers
• Extensive use of AI to improve
• genetic performance and exploit
• high-quality sires

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Determining the Mating System

• Seedstock Level
• Pure lines or strains are maintained
• Intense selection for economic traits of interest
• Maternal lines Select sires in top 10, Females
  in top 50
• Terminal lines Select sires in top 10
• Multiplication Level
• Crossing of pure lines or strains
• Combine superior attributes of each breed or line
• Commercial Level
• Crossing of pure lines or strains
• Specific combinations of maternal and terminal
  lines crossed
• Capitalize on Heterosis

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High Lean Sires

• Pietrain
• Very Lean
• Heavy Muscled
• Slow Growth
• Stress Susceptibility is Problem

• Hampshire
• Moderate Growth
• High lean
• Poor water holding capacity
• Napole gene may be present

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Production and Muscle Quality Sires

• Duroc
• Highest growth
• Moderate in fat
• High in lean growth rate
• High feed intake
• Durable breeder
• Meat Quality Breed
• High in intramuscular fat
• Acceptable color
• Tender and flavorful

Red Color (completely recessive)
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Meat Quality Sires

• Berkshire
• Slow growth
• Fat
• Low percent lean
• High Quality Pork
• High ultimate ph
• Tender and juicy
• Dark color
• 100 Pure Berkshire
• High end export market
• Japan
• U.S. white table cloth restaurants

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Primary Maternal Breeds

• Landrace
• High milking ability
• Good maternal instincts
• Good udder quality

• Yorkshire -- Mother Breed
• Litter size is high
• Good milking ability
• Fertility good
• Good udders

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Secondary Maternal Breeds

• Chester White
• Good mothering ability
• Good number born alive
• Tend to be fat
• Slow growing

• Meishan
• Chinese breed
• Highly prolific
• Extremely fat
• Very little muscle

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Terminal Crossbreeding - Maximum Heterosis
X
Grandparent Yorkshire x Landrace
X
Parent Yorkshire x Landrace F1
Market Hogs 1/2 D, 1/4 Y, 1/4 L
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Terminal Crossbreeding - Maximum Heterosis
Great Grandparent Hampshire x Landrace
X
Grandparent Yorkshire x HL F1
X
Parent Duroc x 3-Way Cross YYHL
X
Market Hogs 1/2 D 1/4 Y 1/8 H 1/8 L
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Terminal Crossbreeding - Maximum Heterosis
Great Grandparent Duroc x Landrace
X
X
Grandparent Yorkshire x DL F1
Parent Duroc x 3-Way Cross YYDL
X
Market Hogs 1/2 H 1/4 Y 1/8 D 1/8 L
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Terminal Crossbreeding System

• Heterosis is maximized
• Greater product consistency
• Easier to implement and manage
• Allows best use of specialized sire and dam lines

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3 Breed Rotational CrossYork, Hampshire, Duroc
-86 Heterosis
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Terminal Crossbred Female

• Goal is to maximize reproduction
• 100 maternal heterosis
• Consider facilities and environment
• Outdoor/large groups -- 25-50 color
• Inside/crated/small groups -- 0-25 color (Duroc
  or Hamp)
• Contributes growth and composition to offspring

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Purchase All Replacements

• Advantages
• Simplest system to manage
• Maximizes terminal production
• Supplier does genetic work
• Disadvantages
• Cost of replacements
• Health risk
• Acclimation period
• Timing of introductions

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Raise Your Own Females

• Advantages
• Lowers health risk
• Reduces acclimation problems
• Possible cost savings
• Disadvantages
• Requires extra management
• Reduces terminal production
• Requires evaluation and selection
• Genetic merit of females?

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Requirements for Within-Herd Production of Females

• Willingness and desire
• Management ability
• GP/GGP females are more difficult to manage
• Requires identification of all females
• Requires evaluation and selection program
• Must manage production and supply
• Evaluation of cost and benefit

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Rotaterminal Crossbreeding System
15 of herd
85 of herd
Terminal boars
Crossbred females
Landrace boars
All pigs go to market
Crossbred females
Crossbred females
Yorkshire boars
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Advantages of Rota-Terminal System

• Purchase startup females once
• Health advantages of raising your own gilts
• Suitable for AI
• 100 heterosis in market pig
• Maternal heterosis
• 86 (3-breed maternal cross)
• 67 (2-breed maternal cross)

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Setting a Breeding Goal

• Determine your expected outcome
• Profit in the swine industry is the result of
  highly productive females producing fast growing,
  efficient pigs that produce high-quality meat
• The Breeding Goal defines which traits to select
  for and the genetic information needed to build
  the herd

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Decide Which Traits to Select

• Understand the Economic Value of traits
• Determine how to maximize genetic response
• Heritability Variation due to Genes
• Environment Variation due to Non-genetic
  factors
• Nutrition
• Health
• Facilities
• Management
• Understand how to select superior animals for
  traits of interest

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Economic Value of Traits
NSIF and NPPC
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Economic Value of Traits
NSIF and NPPC
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Reproductive Traits

• Fertility
• Litter size born and weaned
• Longevity
• Breed and rebreed for multiple parities
• Structural soundness
• Milk Production
• Litter weight

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Reproduction and Longevity

• Too frequently the breeding herd has difficulty
  with structural soundness and movement
• Dont compromise soundness
• Culling rates will go up
• Sow death rate will go up
• Performance goes down

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Performance Traits

• Growth Rate
• Days to 250 lbs (114 kg)
• Feed Efficiency
• Pounds (kg) of feed per Pound (kg) of gain
• Health Status

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Carcass Traits

• Backfat Depth
• Muscle
• Loin Ham

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Meat Quality
DFD
PSE
RFN
Marbling Scores
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Consumer Traits
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Present your product to its Best Advantage

• Seedstock Supplier
• Document your breeding program
• Goals and objectives
• Traits under selection
• Genetic trends for traits under selection

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Present your product to its Best Advantage

• Commercial Producer
• Product Focused Meet the Packer, Processor and
  Consumer needs

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Efficient Production of High Quality Pork Products