Interior and Exterior Security Concerns

1
Interior and Exterior Security Concerns

• Chapter 10

2
Introduction

• This chapter deals with security concerns that
  could be either interior or exterior problems
  depending on the type of facility
• Example
• a freestanding retail outlet store has problems
  of perimeter security that include windows,
  doors, and roof
• the same store located within the confines of a
  mall may not be as concerned with the windows and
  doors or with perimeter defense

3
Buildings On Or As The Perimeter

• The building forms part of the perimeter barrier
• The building walls are the entire perimeter of
  the facility
• When a fence joins the building as a continuation
  of the perimeter
• there should be no more than two inches between
  the two structures
• may be wise to double the fence height

4
Windows and Doors

• Windows and other openings larger than 96 square
  inches
• be protected by grilles, metal bars, or heavy
  screening
• when they are less than 18 feet from the ground
• when they are less than 14 feet from structures
  outside the barrier

5
Windows

• Most forced break-ins are through window glass
• Windows should be protected with grillwork, heavy
  screening, or chain-link fencing

6
Burglary-Resistant Glass

• Uses UL-listed burglary-resistant glass
• A laminate of two sheets of flat glass (usually
  3/16 inch thick) held together by a 1/16-inch
  layer of polyvinyl butyl, a soft transparent
  material
• One of the brands of UL-listed polycarbonate
  glazing material
• Other options
• Coating glass with a four- to six-mil cover of
  mylar
• Plastic glazing

7
Doors

• The required security measures at specific door
  will be determined by
• The operations in progress within the facility
• By the value of the assets stored or available in
  the various areas

8
Door Construction and Hardware

• Locks
• The operating mechanism
• The keying device
• The latch or bolt
• The locking bolt must throw at least an inch into
  the jamb for security applications
• Use heavy wood or metal doors with reinforced
  jambs
• Employ a hardened steel key cylinder guard
• Hinges should be installed
• With the screws concealed
• With the hinge pins either welded or flanged to
  prevent removal

9
Attacks Against Locks

• Picking the lock or making a key by impression
  are the methods generally used
• Picking
• Metal picks are used to align the levers, pins,
  discs or tumblers as an authorized key would
• Keying
• Making a key by taking impressions

10
Locks as Delaying Devices

• Install special pick-resistant,
  impression-resistant lock cylinders
• More expensive
• Every lock will eventually yield to an attack
• Should be thought of as only a delaying device
• The longer the delay the better

11
Removable Cores

• Used where locks are changes often
• Made to be removed if necessary with a core key,
  allowing a new core to be inserted

12
Keying Systems

• The change key
• One key to a single lock within a master-keyed
  system
• The submaster key
• Will open all the locks within a particular area
  or grouping in a given facility
• The master key
• Where two or more submaster systems exist, a
  master key system is established
• The grand master key
• One that will open everything in a system
  involving two or more master-key groups

13
Rekeying

• Outer or perimeter locks usually be changed first
• Old locks can be moved to interior spaces
  requiring
• Lower level of security

14
Key Control

• Try to keep keys in the hands of security or
  management personnel
• Keys should never be issued on a long-term basis
  to outside janitorial personnel
• It is bad practice to issue entrance keys to
  tenants of an office building
• A guard or building employee should control entry
  
• The security department must maintain a careful,
  strictly supervised record of all keys issued
• When a key is lost, the circumstances should be
  investigated
• Master keys should be kept to a minimum

15
Other Operating Mechanisms for Access Control

• Combination locks
• Have three dials that must be aligned in the
  proper order before the lock will open
• Code-operated locks
• Opened by pressing a series of numbered buttons
  in the proper sequence
• Card-operated locks
• Presenting a card and code to open lock

16
Advantages of Access Control Systems

• Security staff no longer need to spend hours
  rotating key cores and keeping detailed logs.
• Card keys can be programmed to function in a
  variety of ways.
• Lost cards can be deactivated in a matter of
  seconds.
• The systems often allows tracking of the time and
  number of entries at a given site

17
Types of Card-Operated Systems

• Magnetic coded cards
• Contains a flexible magnetic sheet sealed between
  two sheets of plastic
• Wiegan Effect cards
• Short-length magnetic wires embedded within the
  card
• Optical coded cards
• Contain bar codes
• Proximity cards
• Send a code to a receiver via magnetic, optical,
  or ultrasonic pulses
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
• Radio frequency identification

18
Types of Card-Operated Systems (Cont.)

• Biometric systems
• Designed to recognize biological features
• Fingerprint recognition systems
• Optically scan a chosen fingerprint area and
  compare the scanned area with a file
• Hand geometry recognition systems
• Use the geometry of the hand

19
Locking Devices

• Electromagnetic locking devices
• Hold doors closed by magnetism
• Double-cylinder locking devices
• Installed in doors that must be secured from both
  sides, requiring a key to open them from either
  side
• Most common application is in doors with glass
  panels
• Emergency exit locking devices
• Panic-bar installations

20
Roofs and Common Walls

• Often overlooked part of the perimeter is the
  roof
• Entry can be made through skylights or by
  chopping through the roof
• Common Wall
• Frequently been entered by breaking through the
  wall from a poorly secured neighboring occupancy

21
Surveillance Devices

• Normally conducted by patrolling security
  personnel
• Technology can be used
• Motion picture cameras
• Sequence cameras
• Closed- circuit television (CCTV) monitors with
  video cameras

22
Effective Surveillance Systems

• Should produce an identifiable image of persons
  engaging in criminal behavior
• CCTV systems coupled with recording equipment or
  computers should be used

23
Technological Advances In CCTV

• Reduced size of the camera
• Reduced price of color cameras
• Improved reliability of color cameras
• Starlight cameras
• Allow for good video reproduction in low light
  situations

24
CCTV Cameras

• Variables to be considered during a site survey
• Is the camera to be visible and used as a
  deterrent to crime or hidden and used in civil or
  criminal prosecutions?
• What effect, if any, will the sun have on the
  operation of the system?
• Where is the best location for a camera?
• Should the placement of the camera be high?
• What type of lighting is in use?

25
New Construction

• Modern construction creates offices that are
  essentially open-top boxes
• Any given floor of a building has a crawl space
  that runs from exterior wall to exterior wall

26
Security at the Building Design Stage

• Architects interest in design for protection of
  buildings and grounds is usually minimal
• Recent events may prompt designers to consider
  the incorporation of security in their designs.

27
Security Principles in Design

• Considerations
• The number of perimeter and building openings
  should be kept to a minimum consistent with
  safety codes.
• Perimeter protection should be planned as part of
  the overall design.
• Exterior windows, if they are less than 14 feet
  above ground level, should be constructed of
  glass brick, laminated glass, or plastic
  materials, or they should be shielded with heavy
  screening or steel grilles.

28
Security Principles in Design (Cont.)

• Points of possible access or escape that breach
  the exterior of the building or the perimeter
  protection should be protected. Points to be
  considered are skylights, air conditioning vents,
  sewer ducts, manholes, or any opening larger than
  96 square inches.
• 5High-quality locks tied to smart card technology
  should be employed on all exterior and restricted
  area doors for protection and quick-change
  capability in the event of cardkey loss.
• Protective lighting should be installed.
• Shipping and receiving bays should be widely
  separated from each other.

29
Security Principles in Design (Cont.)

• Exterior doors intended for emergency use only
  should be fitted with alarms.
• Exterior service doors should lead directly into
  the service area so that non-employee traffic is
  restricted in its movement.
• Dock areas should be designed so that drivers can
  report to shipping or receiving clerks without
  moving through storage areas.
• Employment offices should be located so that
  applicants either enter directly from outside or
  move through as little of the building as
  possible.

30
Security Principles in Design (Cont.)

• Employee entrances should be located directly off
  the gate to the parking lot
• Employee locker rooms should be located by
  employee entrance and exit doors.
• Doors in remote areas should be fitted with
  alarms.
• Dock areas should be designed so that drivers can
  report to shipping or receiving clerks without
  moving through storage areas.
• Employment offices should be located so that
  applicants either enter directly from outside or
  move through as little of the building as
  possible.

31
Security Principles in Design (Cont.)

• Employee entrances should be located directly off
  the gate to the parking lot.
• Employee locker rooms should be located by
  employee entrance and exit doors.
• Doors in remote areas should be fitted with alarms

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Chapter 11

• The Inner Defences Intrusion and Access Control

33
Introduction

• Minimize or control access to the facilitys or
  the buildings interior
• Control traffic without interfering with the
  function of the business
• Consider
• The need to protect against the internal thief as
  well as the potential intruder

34
Points of Examination

• Doors
• Doors to Sensitive Areas
• Telephone equipment rooms
• Computer installations
• Research and development
• Equipped with automatic door-closing devices
• Fitted with strong dead bolts and heavy latches
• Supply room
• Test room
• Secured whenever those rooms are not in use

35
Points of Examination (Cont.)

• Office Area Doors
• Minimum-security areas during regular working
  hours
• When there is little or no use of the office
  area, these doors should be secured
• Traffic Patterns
• Doors must be examined in an effort to establish
  a schedule for their use
• Authorized employee entrances
• To protect against surreptitious use, a door
  should be fitted with at least a local alarm

36
Points of Examination (Cont.)

• Traffic Control
• Traffic in and out and within a facility
• Perimeter barriers
• Locked doors
• Screened windows
• Identification of employees and visitors
• Directing or limiting their movements
• The control of all incoming and outgoing packages
• The control of trucks and private cars

37
Visitors

• All visitors should be required to identify
  themselves
• Sales, service, and trade personnel should
  receive clearance in advance on making an
  appointment
• All traffic patterns involving visitors should be
  short, physically confined to keep them from
  straying

38
Employee Identification

• Identification of employees by guards or
  receptionists
• Large businesses the opportunity for error high
• The use of badges or identification cards
• Should designate when, where, how, and to whom
  passes
• Should contain a clear and recent photograph of
  the bearer
• Photograph should be at least one inch square
• Should be laminated and of sturdy construction 3

39
Package Control

• Control of packages entering or leaving the
  premises
• Must be dealt with in order to prevent
• Theft
• Misappropriation of company property
• concealment of dangerous materials
• Packages brought in should be checked for content

40
Files, Safes, and Vaults

• The high- security storage areas
• Papers
• Records
• Plans
• Cashable instruments
• Precious metals
• Choice of the proper security container
• Protective containers are designed to secure
  against either burglary or fire

41
Files

• Filing cabinets with a fire rating of one hour
• Filing cabinets should be fitted with a
  combination lock

42
Safes

• Record safe (fire-resistant)
• Money safe (burglary-resistant)
• Safes are rated to describe the degree of
  protection they afford
• The more protection provided, the more expensive
  the safe

43
Record Safes

• Fire-resistant containers
• UL rating of 350-4 (formerly designated A) can
  withstand exterior temperatures building to
  2000F for four hours without permitting the
  interior temperature to rise above 350F
• Explosion impact containers
• Computer media storage containers
• Insulated vault-door

44
Money Safes

• Burglary-resistant safes
• Heavy metal boxes without wheels
• Weighs at least 750 pounds
• Have a limited holding capacity

45
Securing the Safe

• Safe should be securely fastened to the structure
• It is becoming a common practice to install the
  safe in a concrete floor
• Only the door and its combination are exposed

46
Vaults

• Basically enlarged safes
• The door is usually of high-quality, reinforced
  concrete
• 6 inches thick
• May be as much as 24 inches thick
• Walls, ceiling, or floor
• Never less than 12 inches thick
• A difficult architectural problem
• Situated at or below ground level

47
Inspections

• Guard Patrols
• Visual inspections by irregular patrols through
  office spaces
• Sweep the facility after closing time
• Patrols should be made at least once each hour
• More often if the area and the size of the guard
  force permit

48
Alarms

• Alarm systems permit more economical use of
  security personnel
• Alarm systems may also substitute for costly
  construction of barriers

49
Kinds of Alarm Protection

• Intrusion alarms
• Signal the entry of persons into a facility or an
  area while the system is in operation
• Fire alarms
• Warn of fire dangers in various stages of
  development
• Special-use alarms
• Warn of a process reaching a dangerous
  temperature
• The presence of toxic fumes
• That a machine is running too fast

50
Alarm System Elements

• An alarm sensor
• A device that is designed to respond to a certain
  change in condition
• A circuit or sending device
• A device that sends a signal about whatever is
  sensed to some other location
• An enunciator or sounding device
• A sounding device, which is used to alert someone
  that the sensor has detected a change in
  conditions

51
Boundary-Penetration Sensors

• Vibration Sensors
• Passive line sensors, either visible or covert
• Detect the movement of the surface to which they
  are fastened
• Sudden impact to a surface cause vibrations at
  certain frequencies which are picked up by the
  sensor

52
Vibration Sensors

• Provide early warning of a forced entry
• Some detectors may create nuisance alarms if
  mounted on walls or structures that are exposed
  to external vibration

53
Interior Motion Sensors

• Microwave Sensors
• Ultrasonic Sensors
• Active Sonic Sensors
• Passive Infrared Sensors
• Dual Technology Sensors
• Video Motion Detectors

54
Alarm Monitoring Systems

• The central station
• This is a facility set up to monitor alarms
  indicating fire, intrusion, and problems in
  industrial processes
• Proprietary system
• This functions in the same way as does a central
  station system except that it is owned and
  operated by the company rather than a contractor

55
Alarm Monitoring Systems (Cont.)

• Local alarm system
• The sensor activates a circuit that in turn
  activates a horn, a siren, or even a flashing
  light located in the immediate vicinity of the
  area fitted with alarms
• Auxiliary system
• Installation circuits are connected to local
  police or fire departments or 911 Centers by
  leased telephone lines

56
Alarm Monitoring Systems (Cont.)

• Local alarm-by-chance system
• This is a local alarm system in which a bell or
  siren is sounded with no predictable response
  (car alarms)
• Dial alarm system
• This system is set to dial a predetermined
  telephone number or numbers when the alarm is
  activated

57
Cost Considerations

• The effectiveness of any alarm procedure lies in
  the response it commands
• Most alarms takes no action it only notifies
  that action should be taken
• Cost can be substantial
• Alarm installations are made in order to reduce
  the size of the guard force