CHIPS: PRODUCTION AND DESIGN

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Group 6
CHIPS PRODUCTION AND DESIGN
-Production
-Microprocessor architecture
-Specific processor-specs
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How chips are made

• To create a microchip we first start with sand
  and carbon, that become wafer.
  
• Then through different processes we start
  creating our chip on the wafer.

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Process Steps
1.Standard Clean 2.Wet or Dry Oxidation 3.Photo
lithography 4.Boron Deposition 5.Boron Drive 6.
Phosporous Deposition

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Microprocessor Architecture
Chip The name of the microprocessor, with
preproduction nicknames or codenames in
parentheses (). Microprocessor (MPU) This ter
m is commonly used to describe the CPU. More
specifically, it refers to the part of the CPU
that actually does the work, since many CPUs now
contain L1 and L2 caches on-chip.
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Microprocessor Architecture
MHz The clock speed of the chip. MHZ stands for
MegaHertz, which is 1 million hertz. Hertz are
cycles / second. The speed of the chip is the
bus speed multiplied by the multiplier.
Hertz A measure of speed. One hertz means one
time per second, so one megahertz (MHz) means 1
million times per second. This is the common
measure of speed for processors and electronic
activities inside a computer.
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Microprocessor Architecture
Bus Speed This refers to the processor bus
speed in MHz, or front side bus, as it is
sometimes referred to. This is the speed of
communication between the microprocessor and the
chipset. The memory bus speed may be different,
and is determined by the chipset.
Bus A bus is simply a data path between device
s. The computers system bus is what peripherals
use to send and receive data from the processor
and main memory.
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Microprocessor Architecture
Front Side Bus (FSB) - This refers to the speed
of the bus between the microprocessor and memory.
In some architectures, such as Socket 7, the
speed of the front side bus also determines how
fast the microprocessor can talk to it's external
L2 cache. Other architectures, such as Slot 1,
have a dedicated L2 cache bus that is faster than
the FSB, so it is not limited by the normally
slower memory speed.
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Microprocessor Architecture
L1 Cache - This is the amount of high speed L1
cache memory in KB or KiloBytes that is built
into the processor core. L1 cache is always on
the microprocessor core, and is often split into
Instruction cache (for recently used processor
instructions) and Data cache (for recently used
data). L1 cache typically runs at the speed of
the processor. L1 cache (Level 1 Cache) - This
is a small piece of very fast memory that's on
the CPU chip itself, usually meant for holding
instructions as they get executed. It sits
between the CPU registers and the L2 cache.
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Microprocessor Architecture
L2 Cache - This is the amount of high speed L2
cache memory either on or off of the processor.
On-chip L2 cache is typically on the same die as
the processor. Off chip L2 cache typically runs
between 1/3 the speed and up to the full speed of
the processor. We will mention L2 cache speeds in
MHz when available.
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Microprocessor Architecture
L3 Cache - If applicable, L3 cache refers to yet
a third level of cache that may or may not be on
the processor die. L3 cache sits between L2 cache
and main memory. It is not included in
architectures, and will only be listed when if
applicable. L3 Cache (Level 3 Cache) - This ty
pe of cache is becoming more prevalent as
microprocessor manufacturers ship more processors
with L1 and L2 cache built into the processor. L3
cache is then the extra cache that sits on the
motherboard between the processor and main
memory, since the processor already contains L1
and L2 cache.
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Microprocessor Architecture
Mics Describes in microns, the size of the line
widths of the buses. The microchip is made up of
many small paths that lead electrical signals
through the chip. The smaller the number is, the
more transistors can be placed on the microchip,
in a set amount of space. Micron - This is the
length of one millionth of a meter, or 1/1000000
meters. This length is also referred to as a
micrometer. There is also a computer hardware
company called Micron.
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Microprocessor Architecture
Die Size - The die size is the size of the
microprocessor in square millimeters. Smaller die
sizes mean that chips are cheaper to produce, and
manufacturers get more microchips on a wafer.
Having L2 cache on the processor die increases
the die size. Die size - Simply put, this is t
he two dimensional (length by width) measurement
of a microprocessor. The thickness of the
processor is not considered. For example, a die
size may be 384 square millimeters.
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Microprocessor Architecture
Trans - This refers to the amount of transistors
that make up the microprocessor. The transistor
count is based on the amount of transistors in
the chip itself as well as the amount of
transistors in the L1 cache, and L2 cache if it
is on the microprocessor die.
Transistor - An electronic device that acts like
an electrically activated switch but has no
moving parts so it can switch millions of times
per second.
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Microprocessor Architecture
Form Factor - This is the type of connection used
to mount the microprocessor on a motherboard or
daughterboard. Typically this is either a type of
Slot, where the processor is on a circuitboard
cartridge that plugs into the motherboard, or it
can be one of several types of Sockets (PGA,
PPGA, FC-PGA, or unnamed sockets like 462-pin
BGA, etc.). Slot 1 - This is a cartridge slot
found on motherboards that accepts an SECC or
SECC2 cartridge. It works with Intel's Pentium II
and III chips, and some Celerons were also
shipped that use slot 1. Most Celerons today use
Socket 370.
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Microprocessor Architecture
Volts - When placed in a motherboard, the chip
should receive this voltage. A lower voltage may
not allow it to operate, and a higher voltage may
cause it to overheat. Current ranges are
typically 1.8 volts up to 3.5 volts.
Watts - A watt is the maximum amount of power di
ssipated by the chip, which is directly related
to the amount of heat it gives off. Wattages may
range from under 1 watt all the way up to 100
watts and over. Watt - This is the electrical
unit of power, which is energy transferred over a
unit of time. Often it is used to describe the
amount of heat generated by a microprocessor.
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Operating volts
CPU Bus Clock
L1 Cache L1 Data bus width
Mics (micron lengths)
L2 Cache L2 Data bus width
Die size
Number of Transistors
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Operating volts
CPU Bus Clock
L1 Cache L1 Data bus width
Mics (micron lengths)
L2 Cache L2 Data bus width
Die size
Intel NetBurst Micro architecture
Number of Transistors
(Hyper Pipelined Architecture)
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Athlon Vs. Pentium
Which one is BETTER?
..it Depends