South Dakota Ethanol Plants

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Feedlot Nutrition
Kent Tjardes, Ph.D. Extension Beef Specialist
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(No Transcript)
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Roughed through winter
Background on Pasture
Straight into Feedlot
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Cattle to Feedlot

• Calf-feds
• 400 to 700 lbs
• Short-yearlings
• 600 to 800 lbs
• Long-yearling
• 800 lbs or more

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Rate of Gain

• Roughing cattle through winter
• Gain 1 to 1.5 lbs per day
• Increase bone growth
• Growing cattle
• Gain 2 to 2.5 lbs per day
• Increase bone and muscle growth
• Finishing cattle
• Over 3 lbs per day
• Increase percentage of fat

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Starting Calves

• During first 21 d, future plans dont matter.

• You cant get them fat.
• You can odds of morbidity.
• You can ability to recover.

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Management at Arrival

• Reduce stress
• Minimize disturbances
• Obscure view of trailers
• Provide clean water
• Access to familiar feeds
• Long stem hay

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Pen Environment

• Clean environment
• All calves to bunk at once
• Requires about 16 bunk space
• Shallow Pens
• 60 is good

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After resting

• Vaccinations
• Respiratory and Clostridial
• De-worm
• Implants???

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Feed Management

• Long hay is only an attractant
• beyond that it becomes substituted for more
  nutritious feed
• Length of fast affects DMI potential
• Calves prefer cracked grain
• Not all cattle are eating

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Calves Eating on that Day
Calves Eating,
Days
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Energy Intake of Newly Weaned Calves
Grain-Hay
Hay
ME Intake, Mcal/day
Maintenance
Days
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Starting Diets

• Require adequate energy ( NEg ? .45 Mcal/lb)
• Maintenance, gain and immune function
• Forage source
• Free from dust and mold
• Consistent quality
• Palatable
• Digestible

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Starting Diets (continued)

• Crude protein (14-16)
• Natural protein sources
• Minerals and Vitamins
• Cu, Zn and Vitamins A and E
• Antibiotics ??
• 10 days to 3 weeks
• Probiotics ??

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Growing Rations

• 40-50 roughage
• NEg from .45 to .54 Mcal/lb
• Roughage sources
• Corn silage
• Haylage
• Legume hay
• Grass hay
• Crop residues
• Corn stalks, wheat or oat straw

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Growing Rations

• Crude protein (12-14)
• Natural and NPN sources
• Ionophores
• Monensin - Rumensin
• Lasalocid - Bovatec
• Laidlomycin propionate - Cattlyst
• Bambermycin - Gainpro

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Step-up Diets

• Increase concentrate level ( 75)
• NEg range from .61 to .65 Mcal/lb
• Avoid dietary upsets and acidosis
• Typically accomplished
• Removing roughage from diet
• 4 to 5 diets (45, 35, 25, 15, 10 roughage)
• 21 to 28 days

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Step-up Diets

• Maximum Intake Limit (R. Preston)
• Feed high concentrate ration
• NEm .92 to .95 Mcal/lb
• NEg .63 to .65 Mcal/lb
• Restrict intake
• Week 1 2.1 times maintenance requirement
• Week 2 2.3
• Week 3 2.5
• Week 4 2.7
• Feed Ionophore at upper inclusion rate
• Bunk management is critical

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Finishing Rations

• Concentrate level ( 75)
• NEg range from .61 to .65 Mcal/lb
• Corn, barley, milo
• Crude protein (10-12)
• Require more DIP
• Include more NPN (urea)
• Less than 1 diet DM, or 1/3 of total diet
  protein
• Mineral considerations
• Ca supplementation (CaP range 1.21 to 21)
• Ionophore
• Antibiotics - Tylan

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Implants
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Growth Promoting Implants

• Used extensively for over 30 years
• Hormone and hormone-like compounds
• Prior to 1987, estrogenic agents available
• Zeranol
• Estradiol benzoate (E2 benzoate)
• Estradiol-17ßeta (E2-17ß)
• In 1987, androgenic agent approved
• Trenbolone acetate (TBA)
• Testosterone

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Estrogenic Agents

• Estradiol-17ß has highest activity
• Zeranol
• 30-33 estrogenic activity of E2-17ß
• Estradiol benzoate
• 72 estrogenic activity of E2-17ß

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What Implants Do

• Temporary increase in frame size
• Leaner at same weight
• Heavier at same days on feed
• Less marbling if not fed to implant
• Maximize biological effects in just days

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What Implants Do

• Work on a percentage basis
• ADG 1.5 lb 1.7 lb
• 2.5 lb 2.9 lb
• 3.5 lb 4.0 lb

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Benefits

• Improved Average Daily Gains
• Estrogenic 5-15
• Androgenic additional 3-5
• Improved feed efficiency
• Estrogenic 5-10
• Androgenic additional 2-3
• Return to investment
• Minimum of 5 per 1 spent

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Normal Postnatal Growth Curves of Bone, Muscle,
and Fata
Maturity
Muscle
Fat
Growth Units
Birth
Bone
Time Units
(a Adapted from Boggs, et al, 1998)
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Bone
Muscle
Fat
Non-implanted small frame
Energy
(Pritchard, 2002)
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Bone
Muscle
Fat
Non-implanted small frame
Energy
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Implanted large frame
(Pritchard, 2002)
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ADG
1.5
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Non-implanted small frame
Energy
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Implanted large frame
ADG
1.7
(Pritchard, 2002)
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ADG
1.5
2.5
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Non-implanted small frame
Energy
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Implanted large frame
ADG
1.7
2.9
(Pritchard, 2002)
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ADG
1.5
2.5
3.5
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Non-implanted small frame
Energy
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Implanted large frame
ADG
1.7
2.9
4.0
(Pritchard, 2002)
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ADG
1.5
2.5
3.5
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Non-implanted small frame
Energy
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Implanted large frame
ADG
1.7
2.9
4.0
(Pritchard, 2002)
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Implant Potency

• Potency refers to the magnitude of growth
  response that occurs with implant use
• Low
• Medium
• High
• Accomplished by
• Increasing the concentration of hormone
• Combination of hormones

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Low Potency Implants
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Moderate Potency Implants
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Moderate Potency Implants
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High Potency Implants