Title: Use of DDGS in Swine Nutrition
1Use of DDGS in Swine Nutrition
- CHINESE LIVESTOCK
- NUTRITION SEMINAR
- Sponsored by the US Grains Council
- 2007
- Dr. Bob Thaler
- South Dakota State University
2References
- Research from South Dakota State University
- Dr. Jerry Shurson, University of Minnesota
- http//www.ddgs.umn.edu/
- Research presentations
- Dr. Kevin Herkelman, Land O Lakes Feed
- Research Presentation
3Ethanol Plants in North America - June 16, 2004
Under Construction or proposed
Ethanol Plants
Shurson, 2005
4- With the tremendous growth of the Ethanol
industry, there are ever-increasing amounts of
DDGS available for livestock rations - Pigs require amino acids, not protein
- DDGS is a protein/amino acid source that can work
in swine diets - DDGS does have benefits limitations that must
be considered when incorporating into swine diets
5Variations in Nutrient Quality
- DDGS is a co-product, and like all co-products,
there are some related concerns - Nutrient variability digestibility
- DDGSs biggest obstacle
- 9 DDGS samples (Cromwell et al, 1993)
- Dry matter 87-93
- Crude protein 23-29
- Crude fat 3-12
- Lysine .59-.89
- Color light golden to dark brown
- Smell sweet to smoky or burnt
6Dry Milling Process
CO2
Alpha amylase
Ground Cooked
Corn
Fermentation
Liqui-faction
Yeast gluco-amylase
Distillers Grains
Distilled
Separated
Thin Stillage Condensed Solubles
Ethanol
DDG S
7DDGS Varies in Nutrient Content and
Digestibility, Color, and Particle Size Among
U.S. Sources
Shurson, 2005
8Nutrient Variability
- - Lysine .78 average
- - However, from 6 samples from the same plant
- Lysine ranged from .65 to .97 (1998)
- 49 increase from lowest value
- From May 2002 to April 2003, 789 samples of DDGS
were analyzed for protein and it ranged from 20.9
to 37.7 at a commercial lab
9Sources of Variation
- Variation in corn used
- Basically triple the nutrient value of corn to
get the nutrient value in the resulting DDGS - Corn with .23 lysine DDGS with .69 lysine
- Corn with .27 lysine DDGS with .81 lysine
- Type of plant Old vs New
10DDGS Lysine at Plant A
- Plant A DDGS
- Average .73
- Minimum .70
- Maximum .77
- Std Dev. 0.02
Herkelman, 2004
11DDGS Lysine at Plant B
- Plant B DDGS
- Average .76
- Minimum .66
- Maximum .82
- Std Dev. 0.04
Herkelman, 2004
12DDGS Lysine at Plant C
- Plant C DDGS
- Average .80
- Minimum .69
- Maximum .88
- Std Dev. 0.04
Herkelman, 2004
13Sources of Variation
- Within-plant variations
- yeast, temperature, etc
- Identify plants that have little variation and
purchase from those plants - Nutrient availability due to processing
- Over-heating has a tremendous impact on amino
acid availability
14Specifications for DDGS for Swine Diets
- Moisture maximum of 12
- Crude protein minimum of 26.5
- Crude fat minimum of 10
- Crude fiber maximum of 7.5
- Color golden (but darker DDGS may not be bad)
- Smell fresh, fermented, pleasant cereal odor
- Bulk density 34-37 lb/cubic foot
- Particle size coarse 10 max on 2000 mesh
screen - fine 15 max on 600
mesh screen pan
15Nutrient Content
- Good P source but low in Ca
- DDGS from SD/MN plants contains .60-.70
available P - DDGS from SD MN new generation plants have
higher nutrient contents for pigs than
traditional plants - Low quality protein for nonruminants
- In SBM, lysine makes up 6.4 of the protein
- In DDGS, lysine makes up 2.5 of the protein
- Concentrates a feedstuff with a poor amino acid
balance digestibility (corn)
16How Do You Determine AA Digestibility?
17Relationship Between DDGS Color and Amino Acid
Digestibility
- Dr. William Dudley-Cash
- FEEDSTUFFS July 3, 2006
- Poultry
- Reference Batal, A.B., and N.M. Dale. 2006.
Journal Applied Poultry Research 1589-93
18Correlations Between L, b, and Digestible Amino
Acids
19- This suggests that evaluating corn DDGS with a
Minolta Chroma Meter CR-300 could be a useful
indicator of quality (digestible amino acid
content - Dr. Batal recommends caution
20NIR Calibrations for DDGS and Total Amino Acid
Concentrations
Nutrient R Rmsep, R2 CV, Lysine 0.89
0.064 .79 16.2 Methionine 0.81 0.044 .66
14.2 Threonine 0.73 0.046 .53
6.2 Energy 0.87 37 .76 1.9
R correlation between actual and predicted
values Rmsep prediction error R2 proportion
of the total variation explained by
calibrations CV, coefficient of variation
among DDGS samples
Shurson, 2005
21Mycotoxins
- Risk of mycotoxin contamination in high quality
DDGS is very low - Poor quality corn poor ethanol yields
- Corn supplied to ethanol plants is produced
locally - Corn produced in upper Midwest is has a low risk
for mycotoxins (no aflatoxin) - Must use thin layer chromatography (TLC) or HPLC
for testing mycotoxins in DDGS - ELISA and other methods result in false positives
Shurson, 2005
22Fat Stability of DDGS
- Limited data
- Mexico
- DDGS monitored during transit and storage for 16
weeks in a commercial feed mill in Jalisco,
Mexico - Temperature ranged from 2 to 28 degrees C
- Average high temperature 25 degrees C
- Average low temperature was 8.4 degrees C
- No rancidity was detectable
Shurson, 2005
23Fat Stability of DDGS in Taiwan
- Study conducted at Lin-Fong-Ying Dairy Farm
- a commercial dairy farm located about 20 km south
of the Tropic of Cancer - DDGS was shipped from Watertown, SD to Taiwan in
a 40 ft. container - upon arrival in Taiwan, DDGS was re-packaged in
50 kg feed bags with a plastic lining - DDGS bags were stored in a covered steel pole
barn for 10 weeks during the course of the dairy
feeding trial
Shurson, 2005
24Dr. Yuan-Kuo Chen discussing DDGS sampling
procedures from storage bags with his
research assistant.
Inside of the covered, steel pole barn used to
store bags of DDGS and other forage and
feed ingredients at LFY Dairy.
Shurson, 2005
25Fat Stability of DDGS in Taiwan
Peroxide values acceptable for fat quality and there is no
oxidative rancidity.
Shurson, 2005
26Comparison of Phosphorus Level and Relative
Availability of DDGS for Swine(88 dry matter
basis)
Shurson, 2005
27Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets With or Without
20 DDGS or Phytase on Fecal P Concentration ()
a
b
b
c
a,b Means with different superscripts are
significantly different (P Shurson, 2005
28Feeding Pigs
- Pigs require AA, energy, vitamins, minerals,
water - Variety of feedstuffs can be used in combination
to meet goal - Must be concerned with nutrient content
digestibility, test weight, and contaminants
29Feed Use by Phase
30DDGS Incorporation in Swine Diets
- Total vs digestible amino acid basis
- Maximum DDGS inclusion rate 10
- if formulating on a total amino acid basis
- Much higher DDGS inclusion rates (10)
- if diets are formulated using digestible amino
acids - Total vs available phosphorus basis
- Formulating diet on an available P basis
increases economic benefit and reduces P content
of manure - Properly sample each load of DDGS use a
conservative digestibility factor to determine
the amount of digestible nutrients
31Appropriate Inclusion Rates
32DDGS Sows
- 50 in gestation will work
- Benefit in systems that are floor feeding since
eating is spread out over a longer period of time - Start at a low inclusion level in lactation and
monitor feed intake
33Materials and Methods Nursery Experiments
(Shurson, 2005)
- Experiment 1
- Pigs weaned at 19.0 0.3 d of age
- Weighed 7.10 0.07 kg
- Experiment 2
- Pigs weaned at 16.9 0.4 d of age
- Weighed 5.26 0.07 kg
- Pigs were fed a commercial pelleted diet (d 0 to
3 postweaning) - Phase II (d 4-17) and Phase III (d 18 35) diets
were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. - Diets contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 DDGS
34Effect of DDGS Level on Growth Rate (Experiment 1)
SE 33.8
SE 42.1
b
a,b
a,b
a,b
a
a,b
Phase (P Means not sharing a common superscript letter are
significantly different (P
35Effect of DDGS Level on ADFI (Experiment 1)
SE 82.6
SE 46.9
Phase (P
36Effect of DDGS Level on Gain/Feed (Experiment 1)
SE 0.06
SE 0.11
37Feeding High Quality DDGS to Grow-Finish Pigs
(Shurson, 2005)
- 240 crossbred pigs (approx. 28.3 kg BW)
- Grow-finish facilities at WCROC Morris, MN
- Blocked by weight, gender and litter
- Blocks randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diet sequences
- 5-phase feeding program
- 0, 10, 20, or 30 DDGS diets formulated on total
lysine basis - 24 pens, 10 pigs/pen, 6 replications/trt
38Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Overall ADG of
Grow-Finish Pigs
0 and 10 DDGS 20 and 30 DDGS (P
39Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Overall ADFI of
Grow-Finish Pigs
No significant differences among dietary
treatments
40Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Overall G/F of
Grow-Finish Pigs
0 , 10 and 20 DDGS 30 DDGS (P
41Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Carcass Weight
0 and 10 DDGS 20 and 30 DDGS (P
42Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Carcass Lean
No significant differences among dietary
treatments
43Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Carcass Loin
Depth
Linear decrease with increasing dietary level of
DDGS (P
44Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Carcass Backfat
Depth
No significant differences among dietary
treatments
45Muscle Quality Characteristics from G-F Pigs Fed
Diets Containing 0, 10, 20, and 30 DDGS
a 0 black, 100 white b 1pale pinkish
gray/white 2grayish pink 3reddish pink
4dark reddish pink 5purplish red 6dark
purplish red c 1 soft, 2 firm, 3 very
firm d Visual scale approximates intramuscular
fat content (NPPC, 1999) e Total moisture loss
11-d purge loss 24-h drip loss cooking loss
46Fat Quality Characteristics of Market Pigs Fed
Corn-Soy Diets Containing 0 to 30 DDGS
Means within a row lacking common superscripts
differ (P
47Japan Scientific Feeds AssociationSwine Feeding
Trial Sponsored by USGC
- K. Suga, Y. Hashimoto, M. Hanazuni and C.
Yonemoci - JSFA Feed Research Center near Narita, Chiba
Prefecture - 50 Large White x Duroc pigs (25 gilts 25
barrows) - 3-Phase Feeding program
- 30-50 kg
- 51- 70 kg
- 71- 110 kg
48Treatments
- 0 DDGS 30-110 kg BW 0-0
- 10 DDGS 30-70 kg BW 10-0
- 15 DDGS 30-70 kg BW 15-0
- 20 DDGS 30-70 kg BW 20-0
- 10 DDGS 30-110 kg BW 10-10
- Diets formulated to meet requirements published
in Japanese Feeding Standards for Swine (2005)
49Results
- No differences in overall growth rate, feed
intake, feed conversion, or days to market - No differences in carcass weight, dressing , or
fat thickness - Lightness or darkness of muscle and fat color
(L) were not affected by treatment
50Results
- No differences for redness of muscle color (a)
- Barrows fed 20-0 DDGS diets had higher
yellowness of color (b) of muscle than 10-0 trt - No differences in a and b fat color for barrows
- Gilts fed 10-0 DDGS had higher a than the 15-0
and 20-0 pigs, and higher b than 0-0
51Summary
- Consistent results with other studies
- 10 DDGS throughout the entire grow-finish phase
resulted in acceptable growth performance,
carcass composition, and muscle fat color to
meet Japanese pork quality standards
52Health Benefits?
- Many producers have reported that including 10
or more DDGS is effective in controlling ileitis
and Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome
53What is Ileitis?
- Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
- Caused by Lawsonia intracellularis
- Present in 96 of U.S. swine herds (Bane et al.,
1997) - 28 of pigs affected (NAHMS, 2000)
- Can be shed in infected pigs for up to 10 weeks
- Animals are infected by oral contact with feces
from animals shedding the bacteria - 7-10 days after infection
- Lesions of the intestinal wall begin to form
- Lesions maximized around 21 days post-infection
Shurson, 2005
54Shurson, 2005
55 Healthy Ileitis
Shurson, 2005
56Controlled Research
- U of MN observed DDGS additions
- helped maintain small intestine integrity
- No differences in growth, morbidity, or mortality
- SDSU repeated the trial at a different site
57Protocol
- Ninety-five, 17 d old gilts were allotted to one
of 5 trts - No history of ileitis, PPRS, and APP
- Fed a common commercial diet for 4 d before fed
the experimental rations - 7-phase feeding program
58Dietary Treatments
- Corn-SBM No Challenge
- Corn-SBM Challenge
- DDGS (20) Challenge
- Soy hulls (5) Challenge
- Tylan (100-40-20) Challenge
59Protocol
- 4-weeks after starting experimental trts, 80 pigs
were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis at
a rate of approximately 108 (approximately 10
dilution) - Measured fecal shedding of Lawsonia on days 0,
14, 21, 28 - Recorded fecal scores 3x/wk for 28 days
post-challenge
60Effect of Challenge on Growth Rate
b
a
a,b Different superscripts indicate difference
between treatment groups (P
61Effect of Challenge on Growth Rate
Trt P.02
b
a
Trt P.02
a
a
b
a
a
a
a,b Different superscripts indicate difference
between treatment groups (P
62Effect of Diet on Fecal Shedding via PCR Analysis
a
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
a,b Different superscripts indicate difference
between treatment groups (P
63Conclusion
- Tylosin additions were effective in partially
alleviating the negative effects of a Lawsonia
intracellularis challenge - Dietary additions of DDGS (20) or soy hulls (5)
did not alleviate the negative effects of a
Lawsonia intracellularis challenge
64Health Benefits?
- Two anecdotes do not make one fact
- Veterinarians report that DDGS is effective
against ileitis/HBS about only 50 of the time - There are some commercial producers with
excellent records who show a definite health
benefit from DDGS - Use caution when applying an economic value to
DDGSs health benefits until they can be
quantified
65Economic Calculations
- Using Excel spreadsheet at http//ars.sdstate.edu
/SwineExt/ddgs.htm - You enter in prices for
- Corn
- SBM
- Dical Phos
- Limestone
- It gives you the equivalent price for DDGS
included at 10 of the diet
66- Shurson, 2005
- Thumb rule
-
- Additions/1000 kg diet
-
- 100 kg DDGS x ______ /kg ______
- 1.5 kg limestone x ______ /kg ______
- TOTAL ADDITIONS (A) ______
-
- Subtractions/1000 kg diet
-
- - 88.5 kg corn x ______ /kg ______
- - 10 kg SBM (44) x ______ /kg ______
- - 3 kg dical. phos. x ______ /kg
______ - TOTAL SUBTRACTIONS (S) ______
-
- (S A) Feed cost savings/ton by adding 10
DDGS to the diet
67DDGS Conclusions
- High Quality DDGS is a good feedstuff for swine
- Due to its poor amino acid quality
availability, diets must be balanced on an
available lysine basis - There may be a health benefit for ileitis from
DDGS but it is not consistent
68DDGS Conclusions
- Nutrient variability is a major problem with DDGS
- Variability can be controlled by establishing a
standard specification sheet identifying
suppliers of a consistent, high quality product -
- Once the nutritional parameters are met, the
decision whether or not to use DDGS is strictly
an economical one
69