Presentacin de PowerPoint

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Programa de las Naciones Unidaspara el Medio
Ambiente
Programme des Nations Unies pour
lEnvironnementUnited Nations Environment
ProgrammePrograma das Naçoes Unidas o Meio
Ambiente
Towards Sustainable Consumption in Latin America
and the Caribbean
Dr. Diego Masera Regional Co-ordinator of the
Industry Programme
Oficina Regional para América Latina y el
CaribeRegional Office for Latin America and the
Caribbean
Brazil, November 2001
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Report Structure

• Part I Sustainable Consumption What it means
• 1.1 Population, Consumption and the Environment
• 1.2 Inter and Intra-generational Equity
• 1.3 Equity in Consumption
• Part II Current Consumption Patterns
• 2.1 The Globalisation Process
• 2.2 Changes in Consumption Patterns
• 2.3 Unequal Benefits
• Part III Sustainable Consumption - The task
  ahead
• 3.1 Obligations of Governments
• 3.2           Obligations of Industry
• 3.3           Obligations of Consumers
• 3.4           Sustainable Product Development
• 3.5           New Paradigms
• Conclusions

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Background

• Rio Declaration Principle 8
• states should reduce and eliminate
  unsustainable patterns of production and
  consumption.
• Agenda 21 Chapter 4
• ...the major cause of continued deterioration
  of the global environment is the unsustainable
  patterns of consumption and production

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Sustainable Consumption

• the use of goods and services that respond to
  basic needs and brings a better quality of life,
  while minimising the use of natural resources,
  toxic materials and emissions of waste and
  pollutants over the life cycle, so as not to
  jeopardise the needs of future generations. (CSD
  III)

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Population, Consumption and the Environment

• "Overpopulation is not determined by numbers
  alone, but rather by numbers times the per capita
  consumption...

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Inter and Intra-generational Equity

• Inter-generational equity the earth is passed to
  us by our ancestors, to be enjoyed and passed to
  our descendants in the same or better conditions
  in which we received it.
• Itra-generational equity refers to differences
  within different segments of the same generation.

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Equity in Consumption

• The foremost concern of any consumption policy
  must surely be meeting the consumption needs of
  the current poor feeding, clothing, housing,
  educating, and healing the ill among the poverty
  stricken of the world.

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LAC Economic and Social Situation in 2001

• Economic growth of 3.2 annually
• Poverty Growth 224 million of persons in
  1999 (12)
• Increased inequity 20 gt income
  20 lt income
• Increased unemployment
• Lower salary value
• 500,000 professionals left the region
• Increased External Debt

19 1

- In México, is 160 billion dollars- In Central
America is 17 billion dollars
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Inequalities in Consumption

• 1.3 billion people live on less than 1 US dollar
  a day.     
• The overall consumption of the richest fifth of
  the worlds population is 16 times that of the
  poorest fifth
• Nearly 160 million children are malnourished.
      
• More than 880 million people lack access to
  health services     
• 1.5 billion lack access to sanitation and clean
  water.

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The Globalisation Process

• The degree to which external liberalisation and
  reliance on the marketplace are to occur are
  matters of choice that individuals, firms,
  governments and NGOs make.
• The critical challenge for the near future will
  be to domesticate the globalisation process, to
  model and steer the process for the benefit of
  the majority of the population.

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Changes in Consumption Patterns

• The Rio 5 conference reinforced the need to
  develop more sustainable patterns of consumption
  and production.
• Achieving a factor 10 level of productivity
  improvement in the long term with a factor 4
  increase among industrialized countries in 20-30
  years starting from 1997.
• The new goal is to create more wealth while
  consuming considerably fewer resources

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Obstacles

• The existing economic system does not take into
  account the wider environmental, ethical and
  social factors of both consumption and
  production. There is therefore a need for a more
  holistic and inclusive costing mechanism.

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Tools

• The key tools will be cultural values that are
  appealing to people who will apply them in order
  to increase their own quality of life.
• Information plays a central role in changing
  consumption patterns.

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Sustainable Consumption the task ahead

• .for developing countries sustainable
  consumption does not mean not consuming. It means
  achieving a better quality of life for all, it
  means sharing between the rich and the poor.
  Industries fear losing markets. In reality,
  sustainable consumption will bring new business
  opportunities.

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Obligations of Governments

• Minimising resource utilisation by increasing
  efficiency in the use of energy and resources, by
  minimising waste generation.
• Exercising leadership by ensuring sustainable
  government procurement policies, and by sectoral
  policies in such areas as land use, transport,
  energy and housing.
• Reinforcing values by education
• and information programmes

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Obligations of Governments

• One industrial reform which governments can
  enact, using both legislative and economic
  approaches, is internalisation of costs making
  the producer pay for the full price of production
  (with environmental and social costs included).

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Industry Obligations

• Develop technological and social innovations
  to improve quality of life and tackle depletion
  of resources
• Practice eco-efficiency
• Build alliances
• Provide and inform consumer choice
• Improve market conditions
• Establish the worth of the Earth
• Make the market work for everyone.

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New Methodologies

• In Product Efficiency and beyond end-of-pipe
• Sustainable Product Development.
• LCA (Life-Cycle Assessment).
• EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility).
• IPP (Integrated Product Policy).
• On Process Efficiency of the entire industry
  production cycle 
• Cleaner Production.
• Eco-Efficiency.

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Sustainable Product Development

• SPD is the process of planning and designing
  that integrates the following elements into a
  product
• Resource-use Efficiency
• Product Quality
• Production Organisation and Efficiency
• Local Culture and Capacities  
• The Market, and
• End of life issues

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Obligations of Consumers

• Consumer groups of the LAC have to make a greater
  commitment to the sustainable consumption drive.
• Consumer conscience has to be sufficiently
  modified such as to effect changes in behaviour.
• Consumers have to be convinced that when they
  vote with their pocket they are in fact
  exercising a social, moral and political
  responsibility.

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New Paradigms

• Need for a suitable and acceptable replacement
  for the current consumption model
• It should bring improved quality of life all
• Allow for greater time for family and community
  life, more involvement in cultural practice and
  development.

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Selling Performance Instead of Goods

• Focuses on de-materialization
• Higher level of resource productivity (factor
  10) achieved through a service economy that
  employs utilization value as its central notion
  of economic value and measures its success in
  terms of asset management by revalorising the
  existing stock of goods and optimising their
  utilization

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A new industrial model

• Value social and environmental gains as much or
  more than economic gains
• Introduces no hazardous materials into the air,
  water and soil
• Measures prosperity by how much natural capital
  can be accrue in productive ways
• Measures productivity by how many people are
  gainfully and meaningfully employed
• Measures progress by how many buildings have no
  smoke stakes or dangerous effluents
• Produces nothing that will require future
  generations to maintain vigilance over
• Celebrates the abundance of biological and
  cultural diversity and solar income.

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Integrated Product Policy

• The IPP proposes to remedy the current
  unsustainable situation by applying a range of
  policy instruments in a coordinated, integrated
  and complementary manner.
• It is based in the fact that there is no single
  solution that will apply to all cases and
  therefore, it proposes a series of instruments
  that will be used on a case-by-case basis.
• Instruments range from voluntary agreements to
  direct legislation

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Conclusions

• The current state of the environment and the
  characteristics of the industrial sector in LAC
  shows very little improvements in relation to ten
  years ago and limited progress in the promotion
  and introduction of sustainable consumption
  patterns.
• Need to encourage, promote and incorporate
  sustainable consumption in its policies and
  development plans,
• Domesticate the globalization process

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Conclusions

• MSEs need to be actively involved in the process.
• SPD and cleaner production need to be widely
  disseminated.
• Need for international and bi-lateral
  cooperation programmes on sustainable consumption

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Conclusions

• Finally, sustainable consumption is a common and
  shared responsibility of Governments, civil
  society and industry which need to work together
  to promote new approaches and look towards a
  sustainable future in the region.

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Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio
Ambiente Programa das Naçoes Unidas o Meio
Ambiente
Oficina Regional para América Latina y el
CaribeBlvd. de los Virreyes 155, Lomas de
VirreyesCP 11000 México, D.F., MEXICO
http//www.rolac.unep.mx http//www.uneptie.org