Final Exam Review

1
Final Exam Review

• Criminology 3rd Ed
• By Steven Barkan

2

• Entrapment refers to a situation where the police
  or other law enforcement agents induce someone to
  commit a crime.
• When is comes to criminological research, the
  variable that is influenced is called the
  dependent variable.
• Most people convicted of misdemeanors and then
  incarcerated serve their sentences in local
  jails, which also hold people awaiting trial.
• Mala in se is a Latin term that refers to
  behaviors that violate traditional norms and
  moral codes.
• The media help to create crime myths, by
  exaggerating youth crime, distorting the facts in
  reference to crime among racial and ethnic
  minorities, and by overdramatizing crime.

3

• Mark Warr asked a sample of Dallas residents
  about their perceptions of fear in various kinds
  of hypothetical crime scenarios. The scenarios
  that were mentioned as being most fearful were
  being in an unfamiliar location, in a setting at
  night, and alone.
• In reference to what makes some people more
  afraid of crime than others, individual
  characteristics include demographic variables
  such as age, gender, and race, and crime-related
  factors.
• If one includes very common crimes like employee
  theft and other kinds of white collar crime, the
  profile of the typical criminal is certainly not
  restricted to those who are poor and nonwhite.
• Womens crime rates are much lower than mens

4

• 10. According to the texts discussion of
  recent trends in U.S. crime rates, there
  occurred, a sharp increase from the 1960s into
  the 1970s. Another increase in the late 1980s and
  a leveling off and even decrease in the early
  1990s, and a leveling off and decrease in the
  early to mid 1980s.
• According to the NCVS there is an annual risk of
  victimization that is higher over a lifetime,
  risk varies between demographic subgroups, and
  most of us will be victimized at least once.
• In just over half of all violent crimes victims
  perceive that offenders were under the influence
  of alcohol or drugs.
• The text points out that chronic victims make up
  about 10 percent of all adolescents account for
  more than half of all victimizations and are
  disproportionately male and members of ethnic
  minority groups.

5

• A victim-impact statement is used by judges to
  evaluate appropriate sentences.
• Auguste Comte founded the positive school of
  philosophy.
• Examples of Internal punishment are guilt, shame,
  embarrassment, and conscience.
• Perinatal problems are some of the most
  interesting biological research on criminality
  and it concerns the effects of complications
  during pregnancy and birth.
• Walter Millers focal concerns are trouble,
  smartness, and toughness.

6

• Extending Mertons view and drawing on Shaw and
  McKays work on social disorganization, Cloward
  and Ohlin argued that there is also differential
  access to illegitimate means, and or illegitimate
  opportunity structures.
• Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay between 1900 and
  1930s, studied delinquency rates in Chicago using
  concentric zone analysis.
• The most important reason for the popularity of
  social bonding theory is that dozens of studies
  of delinquency support it.
• According to differential association theory, the
  principal part of the learning part of the
  learning of criminal behavior does not occur
  within, the mass media, work-related
  associations, or secondary groups

7

• One of the largest charter school companies is
  the Knowledge is Power Program.
• Power-control theory focuses on the gendered
  processes of family life that increase or
  decrease delinquency.
• Liberal feminism traces womens inequality to
  gender role socialization the resulting lack of
  opportunity.
• Labeling theory would say that there is nothing
  inherent in the killing involved in murder which
  makes it deviant.

8

• Robbers, as specified by Conklin in his
  classification are addicts, opportunists,
  professionals not white-collar
• Virginia in 2004 prohibited any town or city from
  enacting any gun control regulations.
• Battering is physical attacks committed by
  intimates spouses or ex-spouses, boyfriends or
  girlfriends.
• Eight percent of women and 2 percent of men
  reported that they had been stalked at least once
  in their lives according to NVAW survey.
• One popular response to property crime is target
  hardening efforts to make residences and
  businesses more difficult to burglarize.

9

• According to Richard V. Clarke and Rick Brown,
  the following groups benefit economically from
  the massive exporting of stolen vehicles. The
  economy of nations from which a stolen vehicle is
  exported, auto manufactures, and automobile
  insurance companies.
• Most professions are self regulating.
• The most celebrated price-fixing scandal was
  uncovered in 1959-1960 and involved General
  Eclectic, Westinghouse, and twenty-seven other
  heavy electrical equipment manufactures.
• The Iran-Contra scandal involved the Director of
  the CIA and National Security Council advisers
  John Poindexter and Robert McFarlane.

10

• Vigilante terrorism is initiated by private
  groups against other private groups to preserve
  the status quo.
• The Forbidden fruit argument is that some
  proponents of drug legalization maintain that
  many youths now use illegal drugs precisely
  because they are illegal, as the drugs illegality
  contributes to the excitement of using them.
• In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
  pornography could be considered obscene (and
  therefore prohibited if an average person
  applying current community views would conclude
  that the work appealed to the prurient interest.
  The work taken as a whole lacks serious literary,
  artistic, political, or scientific value.

11

• Meat-eaters comprised a small percentage of all
  officers who pursed corruption aggressively and
  made the most money.
• Cities where police administrators make it very
  clear that brutality will not be tolerated, it
  appears lower than in cities where administrators
  make no such proclamations. This factor is
  referred to as the operating philosophy of the
  police force.

12

• Spohn and Cederblom investigation of possible
  racism divided their cases into more and less
  serious offenses on the basis of a number of
  dimensions. The following is not one. Whether
  the defendant showed hatred for white people.
• An example of double racism is when charges in
  homicide and rape cases tend to be the most
  severe when blacks are accused of victimizing
  whites.
• If we could wave a magic wand, we could probably
  reduce crime significantly by wiping out economic
  deprivation and racial discrimination.
• The familiar Gallup Poll is a random sample of
  the adult population of the United States,
  allowing for generalization of the results to the
  population.
• In 2002, 32 percent of the General Social Survey
  sample responded yes to the question, Are there
  any areas around here that is, within a mile
  where you would be afraid to walk alone at night?

13

• Seasonal and climatological variations in crime
  rates assaults and rapes are generally higher in
  the warmer months of the year.
• Institutional implies that the very structure of
  society is one that inherently oppresses, subtly
  or more overtly, the poor, women, and people of
  color.
• In ancient times, people were thought to act in a
  deviant fashion for a number of reasons except,
  God had left people to govern their own affairs
  through the exercise of free will and reason.
• Criticisms directed at anomie theory are 3
  things. It doesnt address middle-class
  delinquency or white-collar collar crime. It
  fails to explain why people choose one adaptation
  over another. It assumes that the poor commit
  more crime than the nonpoor.

14

• Burgess and Akers differential reinforcement
  theory of crime reflects the integration of
  differential and association with operant
  conditioning.
• Critical perspectives on crime highlight the ways
  in which people and institutions respond to crime
  and criminals, they are often called social
  reaction theories.
• The average rate for other industrial nations for
  homicide rate during the last two decades has
  been between 0.6 and 3 per 100,000.
• In examining rape and battering rate for each of
  the 50 states, Larry Baron and Murray A Straus
  compiled a gender equality index.
• Professional criminals plan their offenses
  carefully.
• According to Edwin Sutherland these are not
  theories about white-collar crime It may be
  committed by individuals from various social
  class positions, is seldom very harmful, is
  usually committed in the course of recreation.
• Political crime is best seen as a consequence of
  power.

15

• In the 1980s and early 1990s, the news media and
  public officials sounded an alarm about illegal
  drug use during pregnancy, the term crack babes
  became a household word. The text points out
  that in response, several scholars noted that
  prosecuting pregnant women for illegal drugs
  would harm the fetus more by discouraging them
  from seeking prenatal medical care or drug
  treatment. Prosecutions of crack mothers
  obscured the many other problems these women
  faced. The much more common use of alcohol,
  tobacco, and even caffeine during pregnancy was
  at least as dangerous to the fetus as illegal
  drug use.
• Hubert Blalocks famous power-threat theory.
  Dominant groups (whites) may feel more threatened
  as the size of minority groups grows and respond
  with legal control and other measures designed to
  protect the dominant status.
• The ideal elements of the strong or solid case in
  the opinions of prosecutors in their initial
  screening decisions are. A stand-up victim, a
  serious offense and an injured victim.

16

• The following are among the practical strategies
  outlined in the text that reflect a criminal
  justice approach (tertiary prevention. Consider
  repealing at least some of the present drug laws.
  Eliminate the death penalty. Downsize prisons
  and jails, reduce overcrowding and improve
  decrepit prison and jail conditions.
• 61. Social structure refers to organized
  patterns of social interaction and social
  relationships that exist in a group or society.
• The news media is the major source of public
  information about crime and criminal justice.
• According to selected Uniform Crime Report data
  collected in 1998, 46.5 percent of violent crimes
  were cleared by arrest.
• The NCVS estimate that about 522,000 intimate
  violence victimizations took place in 2003.

17

• The classical school of criminology led to
  important reforms in the criminal justice system
  throughout Europe, critics than and now have said
  its view of human behavior was too simplistic.
• Economic deprivation has direct ecological
  effects on crime. Deprivation makes it nearly
  impossible for people to leave the cites,
  trapping them through a continuing cycle of
  poverty into what sociologist William J. Wilson
  calls an underclass.
• An example of social controls is involvement in
  religion.
• The test points out that labeling theory
  addresses three major issues. Which of the
  following is not one of these? The functionality
  of crime.
• In comparison to homicide and assault, robbery is
  more interracial, at least where white victims
  are concerned.

18

• 70.The primary problem with surveys of
  adolescents and adults who are asked to recall
  whether they had ever been sexually abused as a
  child are underreporting.
• Amateur criminals comprise the vast majority of
  property offenders.
• Although corporate executives may well benefit
  from any corporate success generated by their
  illegal activity, their primary intention is to
  benefit the corporation.
• The slave rebellion, which resulted in numerous
  deaths took place in Virginia in 1831 was led by
  Nat Turner.

19

• The text points out that laws prohibiting
  consensual crimes are not to deprive organized
  crime of needed revenue, increase police
  corruption, discourage consensual offenders from
  committing more serious crimes.
• Albert J. Reisss 1966 police observational study
  found no discrimination in arrest practices.
  Although a great proportion of black suspects
  than white suspects were arrested, the study
  attributed this disparity not to police racism
  but to the fact that back suspects were more
  hostile than white suspects toward police.
  Complainants, usually black, in cases involving
  black suspects preferred arrest more often than
  did the mostly white complainants in cases
  involving white suspects. Blacks tended to be
  suspected of more serious crimes than whites.

20
TRUE/FALSE

• 76.The text points out that sociological
  criminology is not a structural criminology.
  False
• 77.Crime has been thought of as a serous problem
  since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
  False
• 78. The highest rates of violent crime are found
  in the Midwest, while property crime is highest
  in the South. False
• NCVS data reveal that most violent crime is
  intraracial. True
• Objective deterrence refers to the impact of
  actual legal punishment. True
• Most people in the inner zones of urban areas do
  not commit crime. True
• According to Tittles control balance theory,
  people want to be as autonomous as possible. True

21

• Radical criminologists have embraced labeling
  theory as an effective vehicle in understanding
  the power inequalities in society. False
• Most scholars agree that the compulsive
  masculinity behavior patterns is typical of
  Hispanic barrios and white ghettos, but does not
  affect young African-American men. False
• The text points out that although many social
  service agencies now work with families where
  children are at risk for abuse and neglect, it
  remains true that these agencies are underfunded
  and understaffed. True
• The number of stolen vehicles that are exported
  to other nations is estimated to be 500,000
  annually. True

22

• The text points out that corporate crime is
  difficult to prove and punish even when it is
  suspected. True
• Violent civil disobedience was the key strategy
  of the Southern civil rights movement. False
• Disregarding common products like aspirin, it
  would be a gross exaggeration to say that the
  United States as a nation of drug users. False
• There is extremely convincing evidence that
  community policing reduces crime substantially.
  False
• Evidence on race/ethnic discrimination in the
  juvenile justice system seems more consistent
  than the evidence for the adult criminal justice
  system. True

23

• A primary prevention approach to crime addresses
  features of our society, culture, and local
  communities that contribute to our high crime
  rates. True
• Consensus and conflict views of crime, law and
  society are independent and have no relationship
  to analogous perspectives in the larger field of
  sociology. False
• Fewer than 10 percent of all felonies in a given
  year lead to someone being imprisoned for
  committing the felony. True
• Race is what sociologists call a social
  construction, meaning something that is real
  rather than something that is made up. False

24

• 96. Generally speaking, the higher the income,
  the higher the rate of victimization. False
• 97. Sociological explanations suggest that the
  roots of eating disorders lie within the
  individual anorectic and bulimic. False
• 98. The most pointed critique of Millers focal
  concerns is that his characterization of
  lower-class culture places too much emphasis on
  the dire economic deprivation. False
• 99. Learning theories share philosopher John
  Lockes view of the individual as a tabula rasa.
  True
• 100. Conflict theorists stress that inequality is
  quite dysfunctional for those at the bottom of
  the socioeconomic ladder. True