Intergovernmental Context

1
Intergovernmental Context

• Federalism and IGR

2
Different Types of Government

• Confederal
• Weak central government
• Ultimate power rests with the states
• USA under the Article of Confederation
• Federal
• Separation of power between state and central
  government
• Separate spheres of authority
• Supreme in its own jurisdiction
• Unitary
• Power is concentrated in a central government
• Delegation of power to subnational governments
• Financial control and policy direction

3
IGR and Federalism

• Federal system
• Provides a political structure
• Framework of governance
• Structures how power is distributed among
  different branches and levels of government
• IGR
• Federalism in action
• complex network of day-to-day interrelationships
  among the governments within the federal system.

4
Types of IGR

• Vertical
• Interactions between different levels of
  government
• Fiscal relationships between federal and state
• Cooperation between state and local governments
  in various joint projects
• Horizontal
• Cooperation between the same level of government
  such as state and state government and city to
  city government
• Contracting out services

5
History of IGR

• Layer-cake/dual federalism (1890-1930)
• Marble cake/cooperative federalism (1930s-1950s)
• Watertap federalism (1940s-1960s)
• Creative federalism (1950s-1060s)
• New Federalism (1972-1980)
• New New Federalism (1980s-1993)
• The era of ??? Federalism (Current)

6
Management of IGR

• Mandates
• Direct order
• Procedural mandates
• Unfunded mandates
• No funding support to comply with existing
  legislations
• American Disability Act of 1990
• Fiscal federalism
• Financial relationships among different units of
  government

7
Different Types of Grant

• Categorical grant
• Narrow type of grant
• Can be used for specified purposes only
• Narrowly defined activities
• Block grant
• Can be used for broad functional areas
• Economic or community development grants
• Large at the recipients discretion

8
Public Choice Theory

• Supports devolution movement
• Suspicious of government bureaucracy
• Decisions should be made close to where problems
  lie
• Self-seeking and self-interested bureaucrats
• Bureaucrats seek to Maximize their own interests
  rather than serving the public