Cells

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Cells

• Structures and Functions

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Polymers as Nutrients

• Complex carbohydrates such as starches are broken
  down into glucose.
• Cells use glucose for energy.
• Cellulose, a glucose polymer, forms the cell wall
  of plants.
• Lipids are broken down into fatty acids.
• Proteins are broken down into amino acids.
• Cells use amino acids to make proteins.
• Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA contain
  information for cell function and protein
  production.

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• Cell membrane protects the cell by controlling
  what enters or leaves the cell.
• Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance inside the cell
  membrane that surrounds the organelles.
• Lysosomes digest food for the cell.
• Vacuoles store waste and other materials in the
  cell.
• The centrosome is important for cell replication.
  
• Plants have a cellulose cell wall for structural
  support and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

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Mitochondrion

• Energy to run the cell is provided by the
  mitochondria.
• A mitochondrion has two membranes.
• A mitochondrion converts glucose to ATP.
• ATP is the energy of the cell.

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Nucleus

• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• Chromosomes are formed from chromatin
• DNA makes up the chromatin
• The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus.
• The nucleolus directs RNA for protein synthesis.

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• DNA is read by messenger RNA (m-RNA).
• The m-RNA is translated by transfer RNA (t-RNA).
• The t-RNA provides instructions to the ribosomes
  to assemble the proteins.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• ER with ribosomes is called Rough Endoplasmic
  Reticulum.
• ER without ribosomes is called Smooth Endoplasmic
  Reticulum

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The ER is a folded internal membrane that
  facilitates protein production by the ribosomes.
• The ER is in the gel-like cytoplasm of the cell.
• The ER connects to the nuclear membrane.
• The ER helps move things around in the cell.

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Ribosomes

• Ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins.
• Ribosomes do the assembly on the Rough
  Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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• The nucleus provides the directions for making
  the protein.
• The ribosomes assemble the protein.
• The Golgi Apparatus packages and exports the
  protein.

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Golgi Apparatus

• Proteins are sent to the Golgi Apparatus.
• The Golgi Apparatus packages the proteins for use
  by the cell or for export out of the cell.
• The protein packages are called vesicles.

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Making a Protein

• biologica.concord.org/ webtest1/view_3D_cells.htm