Maritime transport of passengers

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Maritime transport of passengers

• Dott.ssa Simona Sanguineti
• sanguineti_at_economia.unige.it

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Historical passengers overview
Transoceanic passengers flow in the first half of
20th century
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Beginning of ferry transport
Savannah (1819) ? the first ship that crossed the
Ocean with steam-assisted engine Cunard Line ?
the first shipping company to offer regularly
scheduled service from U.S. to England.
Concentrated on the delivery of the Royal Mail,
not on passengers at all. 115 passengers.
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Evolution in technology - XIX century
1819 ? ship with auxiliary steam engines and two
paddle wheels. Savannah river Liverpool in 27
days. 1831 ? first cross under steam, but it was
need to stop engines every few days for 24 hours.
During this time it depended entirely on
sails 1838 ? Sirius was the first ship to cross
the Atlantic using only steam power 1845 ? Great
Britain. First ship with iron hull, double
bottom and screw propulsion. It was for many
years the largest ship in the world
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Historical speed
1819 ? Savannah river Liverpool in 27
days 1860s ? Liverpool New York in 10
days 1890s ? Liverpool New York in less than 6
days 1936 ? Southampton -New York 3 days 1900
? 10 knots 1915 ? 12 knots 1935 ? 30 knots Today
more than 40 knots
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Competition in XIX century
1840s ? Cunard Line, monopoly of the North
Atlantic 1850s ? Competition between Cunard Line
and Collins line 1890s ? German enter in the
competition. German Line overtook British lines
in terms of size and speed.
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XX Century
German Companies left a greater imprint
on shipboard style. They called a single
architect/designer for the artistic control for
designing a passenger liners interior. Comfort
and luxury would be them watchwords. By the early
20th century, the Mauritania and Lusitania
(Cunard Line) started the tradition of dressing
for dinner and advertised the romance of the
voyage. Olympic and Titanic (White Star Line)
were the most luxurious passenger ships never
seen (complete with swimming pool and tennis
court) The sinking of the Titanic in 1912
devasted the White Star Line Cunard Line bought
White Star Line resulting in Cunard White Star
(1934)
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Size of some Ships
World file

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The end of transatlantic ferries
World War I ? The building of new ships was
interrupted and many older line were used as
troop transport The years between 1920 and 1940
were considered the most glamorous years for
transatlantic passenger ships. American tourist
interested in visiting Europe replaced immigrant
passengers. World War II Increasing air travel
and the first non-stop flight to Europe in 1958
marked the ending of transatlantic business for
ocean liners
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Definitions
Ferry ships vessels used to carry passengers,
goods and vehicles across relatively short
distance. Ferries generally connect two or three
point. Cruise ships vessels often regarded as
resort at sea. Unlike ferries, cruise liners
are the destination rather than a way of
reaching destination
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Type of ferry ships

• Passenger-only ferry services. Generally are
  used smaller and faster boats. Ferry rates depend
  on the distance travelled and the time of the day
  and season.
• Passenger/vehicle ferry services. Vehicles con
  be cars, lorries or trucks, motorcycles, coaches
  and buses. Rates vary widely but are usually
  based on the type, weight and numbers of vehicles
  transported.
• Passenger/train ferry services. Often this
  ferries have permanent on-board rail tracks.
• Cruise ferries. They are luxury ferries and take
  passengers on mini-cruises.

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Type of cruise ships

• Super mega (giant) ships. Weight more than
  100,000 tons and carry over 2,600 passengers.
• Mega ships. Weight between 70,000 and 100,000
  tons and carry between 1,600 and 2,600
  passengers.
• Large ships. Weight between 20,000 and 70,000
  tons and carry between 500 and 1,600 passengers
• Small ships. Weight less than 20,000 tons and
  carry up to 500 passengers.
• Barge, river and speciality cruises. Smaller
  boats usually operating on inland waterways with
  limited passengers capacity.

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Maritime passenger transport
Ferry
Cruise

• Derived demand
• Fixed routes
• Ro/ro ships
• Search for speed

• Final good
• Variable routes
• Specialized ships
• Search for comfort

Cruise Ferry
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The world fleet
Source Lloyds Register, 2001
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Passengers ferries

• Great variability of capital costs (related to
  speed, capacity, etc.)
• Low operational costs (port costs, crew costs)
• The service is homogenous
• Mainly used to link islands with mainland
• Mainly used by commuters and/or by frequently
  users
• Demand is proportional to the population of the
  regions that limit the voyage or to the
  attractive power of the region
• The service is sold at a low price
• The service links only two or three ports

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Cruises

• Huge amount of capital costs per ship
• High operational costs (crew represents about 1/3
  of passengers)
• Great differentiation of service (in classes,
  type of cabins, days per trip, etc.)
• The service scheduled considers one home port and
  some ports of call

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Cruise ferries

• Sort of hybrid service introduced in the Med in
  the 90s
• Ferries (ro/ro passengers ships) with a high
  standard of services
• Short routes mainly offered when there is an
  excess of capacity on ferries
• Ratio of member of crew per passenger is higher
  than ferries and lower than cruises

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Passengers market
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Ferries vs. Cruises in ports
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Cruise passengers in Genoa
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Seasonality and trends
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High Speed Craft (HSC)
According to IMO, a HSC is a craft capable of
maximum speed, in meters per second (m/s), equal
or exceeding VHSC3.7 (D/d)0.1667 Where (D/d)
volume of displacement corresponding to the
design waterline (m3).

• Monohull
• Catamaran
• Hovercraft
• Surface Effect Ships (SES)
• Hydrofoil

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References
IATA International Travel and Tourism Training
Programme 2005 J.Wang, S. Mcowan Fast
passenger ferries and their future Maritime
Policy and Management - 2005 www.greatoceanliners.
net www.oceansatlas.com www.scriptorium.lib.duke.e
du www.pbs.org