Evolution

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Evolution
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• 1. Evolution change in population over time
• A. Results in
• 1. new types of organisms
• 2. extinction of other organisms 99 of all
  types of organisms that ever lived are now
  extinct.

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• B. Fact or Theory
• 1. It is scientific fact that evolution has
  occurred through the history of life.
• 2. Theory of evolution explains how evolution
  takes place including mechanisms and
  processes.

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II. Formation of Evolutionary Theory
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• A. Jean Baptiste Lamark
• 1. Hypothesis (1809)
• a. A change in the environment causes changes in
  the needs of organisms living in that
  environment, which in turn causes changes in
  their behavior.
• b. Altered behavior leads to greater or lesser
  use of a given structure or organ use would
  cause the structure to increase in size over
  several generations, whereas disuse would cause
  it to shrink or even disappear. This rule Lamarck
  called the "First Law" in his book Philosophie
  zoologique.

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• c. Lamarck's "Second Law" stated that all
  such changes were heritable.
• 2. Flaw Body building or Violin Virtuoso
  Issue
• 3. Disproved by August Weismann with mouse tail
  experiment. He docked the tails of mice over
  22 generations without cutting any tails of
  new born mice.

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• B. Darwins Theory Natural Selection living
  things that are best suited to their
  environment will survive.
• 1. Darwins Voyage Aboard the HMS Beagle as a
  naturalist. Sailed the world collecting
  data. Spent much time on the Galapagos
  Islands. Made maps, did geological studies,
  and studied plants and animals of different
  regions.

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• 2. Darwins Influences
• a. Charles Lyell geologist that reasoned that
  geological forces are very slow uniform
  processes therefore the earth must be very old.
• b. Thomas Malthus economist stated when
  populations exceeds its resources disasters will
  limit the growth of the population.

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• 3. The Origin of Species wrote 20 years after
  his voyage. Explained his theory.
• a. There is variation within pollutions.
• b. Some variations are favorable
• c. More young are produced in each generation
  than can survive.
• d. Those that can survive and reproduce are
  those with favorable variations.
• e. Over enormous spans of time, small changes
  accumulate, and populations change.

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• C. Stephen Jay Gould punctuated equilibrium
• 1. Interpret the gaps in the fossil record as
  representing times when the evolutions of
  species take place.
• 2. Long periods of stability in species
  population and then a brief period of rapid
  genetic change.

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III. Changes in Living Things
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• A. Adaptations a trait that makes an organism
  better able to survive in an environment.
• B. Mutations A change in the DNA/genetic code
• 1. Source of new traits that help organisms
  survive
• 2. Natural events may be helpful, harmful, or
  have no effect at all.
• 3. Mutations are the reason for variation

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IV. Evidence for Evolution
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• A. Fossil Record
• 1. Imprint of a leaf, footprint, organism
  trapped in ice or sap, skeleton
• 2. Usually formed in sedimentary rock layers.
• 3. Younger layers are those found on top of
  deeper older layers
• 4. The number of fossil species still alive
  decreases as the rock age increases.

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• B. Comparative Anatomy Similarities in the
  anatomy or structure of organisms used to
  help determine their ancestry.
• 1. Homologous structures Characteristics that
  are similar because they were inherited
  from a common ancestor. Examples Bones
  in the forelimbs of humans, bat, bird, and
  whale.
• 2. Vestigial structures Inherited but unused
  structures. Examples your appendix and tail
  bones, hip bones in snakes and certain
  whales.
• 3. Analogous structures Structures that are
  similar in purpose but not inherited from a
  common ancestor. Examples wings in birds
  and butterflies.

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• C. Comparative Embryology Embryos of related
  organisms develop in very similar ways.
  Examples Reptiles, birds and mammals have
  gill pouches at a certain stage in
  embryonic development.

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D. Comparative Biochemistry Different species
of animals have a similar chemical make up.

• 1. Dependence on water
• 2. all life is based on C, H2, N, O, P
• 3. The genetic code is made up of the same
  genetic alphabet
• 4. Similarities between genes.