What is psychosocial development

1
What is psycho-social development?

• Erikson (1963) would include eight stages of
  development.
• Each stage has tasks to be achieved/resolved
• Individual must resolve stage tasks in order to
  move to the next stage of development.
• Inability to resolve a conflict at a particular
  stage may mean struggle in later in life
• Social learning theories, Attachment theories,
  Emotional development theories suggest that
  psycho-social development involves a dynamic
  process that integrates cognitive, affective
  behavioural aspects.

2
Emotional development

• Emotions are complex feelings that stem from
  physiological psychological arousal in response
  to perceived or imagined stimuli (after Bukatko
  Daehler 2001).
• Emotions tell us something about temperament,
  adjustment sociability
• Emotions are an integral part of the social
  environment
• Emotions can be explained by biology (physiology)
  - primary emotions
• Emotions can also be explained through
  socialisation (Cognitive Label Theory of Emotion
  - Schachter 1962) - secondary emotions

3
Emotional Self Regulation

• Emotional self-regulation (emotional
  intelligence)
• Children of 3-4 years show signs of regulating
  emotions (e.g. closing their eyes or blocking
  their ears) to avoid negative emotions
• Children have vivid imagination that can
  negatively affect their emotions
• Environment has a profound effect on emotional
  regulation

4
Emotions childhood fears
5
Individual differences in emotional
development(Chess Thomas 1991)
6
Chronology of Emotions (Bukatko Daehler 2001)
7
Gender differences

• Females are more expressive more sensitive to
  other people, emotions than men (Bukatko
  Daehler 2001).
• Girls tend to show more positive emotions than
  boys.
• Socially girls are encouraged to smile more than
  boys.
• Females tend to internalise emotions while males
  externalise.

8
What is self identity

• The social personal value (SPV) attached to
  oneself (International Society for Self Identity
  2004)
• The process by which each person becomes the
  individual that he or she is.
• The conditions and explanations of the self as
  determined by biological psychological factors

9
Concept of identity

• Identity is a construction of self through self
  knowledge
• Identity development is the development of a
  sense of self.
• The infant may start with no sense of
  separateness or identity (Freudian assumption).
• Freudian symbiotic existence
• Lewiss existential categorical self
• Cultural influences
• The ability to identify ones own and others
  racial or ethnic group
• Awareness of the permanence of ethnic identities
• Beliefs and values associated with ethnic
  identity

10
Lifespan identity issues

• Erik Eriksons Epigentic theory
• major task of adolescence was constructed as
  identity v. identity diffusion (Who am I
  uniquely? See later)
• 5th stage of Eriksons epigenetic theory of
  development (identity Vs role confusion)
  integrate a sense of who one is based on the
  various roles and experiences encountered.
• Role confusion is a negative outcome of identity
  and has been associated with delinquent and
  anti-social behaviour

11
Implications of role diffusion

• Identity diffusion is the failure to achieve a
  relatively coherent and integrated sense of self
  which may result in
• avoidance of close relationships
• diffusion of time perspective (out of step)
• diffusion of industry
• negative identity (moving against people)

12
Psycho-dynamic Perspective

• Self identity (symbiotic - existential self)
• Individuation (Separation unique personal
  growth)
• Id (primitive unconscious self)
• Ego Reality Principle (moderator between ID
  Superego)
• Superego Conscious self that internalises
  societal/cultural values

13
Freudian Theory Identity