Dietary Requirements

1
Dietary Requirements

• Macronutrients
• Carbohydrates125-175 grams per day to spare
  protein
  
• Needed for energy, fiber.
• Examples glucose, sucrose, starch, lactose,
  cellulose, glycogen, ribose, deoxyribose
  
• Lipids30-100 grams per dayless than 30 of
  total caloric intake.
  
• Oxidation may be used for energy when
  carbohydrates are low.
  

• Leads to formation of ketone bodies.
• May lead to acidosis
• Essential fatty acids
• Fat substitutes
• Olestra or Olean
• Sucrose polyesters
• Proteins0.8 g/kg
• Essential amino acids
• Uses
• Vegetarians
• Complete and incomplete

2
Nutrition

• Why do we eat?
• Calories
• Macronutrients
• Micronutrients
• Vitamins, minerals
• Essential nutrients
• Hypothalamus contains hunger
• Metabolism
• BMRbasal metabolic rate

3
Dietary Requirements

• Vitamins--organic
• Coenzymes
• Fat soluble (A, D, E, K) vs. water soluble (C and
  B complex vitamins)
  
• Vitamin overdoses
• Antioxidants (A, C, E)
• Vitamin deficiencies

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Fat SolubleVitamins

• Aimportant to vision.
• Dpromotes the absorption of calcium and
  phosphorus
  
• Fortified and Enriched foods.
• EAntioxidant, found in the cell membrane

• Kproduced by intestinal bacteriaimportant for
  blood clotting
  
• 1 in 200 to 400 newborns develops hemorrhagic
  disease of the newborn.
  

5
Water Soluble Vitamins

• B-complex
• ThiamineB1important for the oxidation of carbs
  and the synthesis of ribose.
  
• RiboflavinB2essential for the oxidation of
  glucose and fatty acids

• Niacinimportant for the oxidation of carbs and
  the synthesis of ribose and deoxyribose.
  
• Pantothenic acidB5Important for the metabolism
  of carbs and fats.

6
Water Soluble Vitamins

• B6Synthesis of proteins, amino acids,
  antibodies, and nucleic acids
  
• CyanocobalaminB12Synthesis of nucleic acids,
  metabolism of carbs and fats, erythrocyte
  production.
  
• Folic AcidMetabolism of amino acids, synthesis
  of DNA, prevention of neural tube defects.
  
• BiotinMetabolism of amino and fatty acids,
  synthesis of nucleic acids.
  
• Vitamin CAscorbic acidproduction of collagen,
  metabolism of amino acids, promotes iron
  absorption, synthesis of hormones

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Dietary Requirements

• Minerals
• Inorganic ions
• Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium,
  chloride, and magnesium
  
• 4 of body weight
• Electrolytes
• Trace minerals

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Minerals

• Calciumnerve impulse conduction, muscle
  contraction, blood coagulation, bone and tooth
  health.
  
• Phosphorusnucleic acids, proteins, enzymes, and
  vitamins, ATP, phospholipids, bones, teeth

• Potassiumcarbohydrate and protein metabolism,
  nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction
  
• Sulfurproteins, disulfide bonds,
• Sodiumwater balance, nerve conduction, muscle
  contraction
  
• Chlorinewater balance, HCl synthesis,
  electrolyte balance, nerve conduction

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Minerals

• MagnesiumATP formation
• Ironhemoglobin, vitamin A synthesis
• Iodinesynthesis of thyroid hormones
• Zincdigestion, respiration, bone and liver
  metabolism, wound healing, immune response

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Vitamin/Mineral Deficiencies

• ScurvyVitamin Cabnormal bone development,
  swollen joints, bleeding gums
  
• BeriberiB1GI disturbances, fatigue, nausea,
  mental confusion, paralysis, heart failure
  
• Night BlindnessVitamin A-Yellow Rice
• PellagraNiacindermatitis, diarrhea, mental
  disorders
  
• RickettsVitamin Dabnormal bone and tooth
  development

• Pernicious AnemiaB12abnormally large RBCs,
  brain damage
  
• Folic AcidMegaloblastic Anemiareduced number of
  RBCs, presence of large nucleated red
  cellsNeural Tube Birth defects
  
• OsteoporosisCalcium
• Hypothyroidism goiterIodine
• Anemia--Fe

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Nutrition

• Obesity20 above desired weight.
• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia
• Marasmuslack of nutrientsAppear like a human
  skeletoncant produce antibodies normally.

• Kwashiorkorswelling of the belly due to protein
  deficiency in the blood.
  
• Gruel