Political Experiments of the 1920

1
Political Experiments of the 1920s

• Unit I

2
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• New Governments
• Soviet Union Bolsheviks ______________________
  ___________
• Germany Austria Hungary Democratically
  elected _________________________________

3
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• Wilsonian vision of democratic, self-determined
  nations flounders
• Harsh realities of ________________, aggressive
  _______________, revived political conservatism,
  and lack of experience in democratic
  parliamentary government.
• Also, important sectors of citizens believed
  parliamentary govt was naturally _____________
  or unequal to great nationalistic enterprise

4
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• II. Demands for Revision of Versailles
• ________________ and discontent among numerous
  countries
• Germany ___________________ endless haggling
  over reparations payments
• Various Eastern European states felt
  ___________________ in the case of
  self-determination
• Calls for ________________ adjustments

5
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• ______________ believed the treaty was being
  inadequately enforced
• Calls for enforcement of change contributed to
  __________________________________
• Political figures take advantage of this turmoil
  to capture ____________________________

6
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• III. Postwar Economic Problems
• Desire to return to prewar economic prosperity
  would prove __________________
• Millions of people had been killed loss of
  ______________, __________________ and
  ___________________
• Widespread ______________________ of transport
  facilities, mines, and industry

7
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• European financial _____________________ and
  ____________________________ disappears with war
• European nations deeply in debt to the
  ___________ and each other
• Bolsheviks _____________________ tsarist debt
  mostly owed to __________________
• US asks for no payment from __________________,
  but demands payment from ____________________
• Nations compelled to pursue selfish
  ___________________________ economic aims

8
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• _______________ and ______________ conditions
  change radically
• _______________ withdraws from ___________________
  _ economic order
• New states had weak, __________________ economies
• New states and new borders separate
  __________________ from ___________ materials
• Railway systems were controlled by
  ________________________________
• New ________________ barriers were raised

9
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• US no longer reliant on _________________
  production becomes a major competitor
• Postwar economic growth in colonies or former
  colonies lowered demand for ______________________
  __ goods
• US and Japan began to penetrate markets in
  _____________________ and ___________

10
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• IV. New Roles for Government and Labor
• Large govt bureaucracies planned the course of
  ________________ and ______________ of goods
  during wartime
• Governments realized the large productive and
  employment power of an economy placed under
  __________________________
• This would be carried over to ____________________
  _ operations

11
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• Through _______________________ during the war,
  labor achieved new prominence and their demands
  could not be ignored by the govt
• __________________________________ and union
  recognition could not be abandoned
• ________________________ was suspicious of the
  new role of labor and socialist political parties
• Middle perpetuates the ______________________ to
  fend off the further social and economic advances
  of the working classes

12
Political and Economic Factors After the Paris
Settlement

• The turn to _________________ democracy and the
  extension of ____________________ to women
  previously disenfranchised males govt must now
  answer to a large ______________________

13
Joyless Victors

• France The Search for Security
• French elect a doggedly ____________________
  Chamber of Deputies
• Many _________________________ in Chamber
• ____________________ loses bid for presidency
• Deputies want to achieve future security against
  ___________________ and Russian Communism
• Make few concessions to domestic
  ____________________________
• France governed by ________ different cabinets
  between 1920 1933

14
Joyless Victors

• New Alliances
• 1920 1921 Czechoslovakia, Romania, and
  Yugoslavia form the ____________________
• France forms alliance with entente and
  _______________
• Little Entente was no match for
  __________________ nor were they reliable
• Poland and Romania more concerned about
  ___________________
• Feeling isolated and in danger,
  ___________________ and ______________________
  sign an treaty in 1922
• Diplomatic and ___________________ treaty proves
  useful for both
• Germans helped train Russian _____________ which
  helped Germans gain experience with
  ___________________ and _____________________

15
Joyless Victors

• Quest for Reparations
• France declares Germany in ______________ of
  reparations
• Sends troops to occupy the ______________ mining
  and manufacturing region
• Germans go on ___________________
• France sends ________________ to run mines and
  railroads
• Germans __________
• England stayed out of issue, became suspicious of
  ______________ and sympathetic toward
  ______________
• France Germany suffer increased _______________
• Frances economy damaged

16
Joyless Victors

• France 1924 conservatives out, coalition of
  leftist parties in (Edouard Herriot leader)
• Recognition of __________________ and more
  conciliatory policy toward ____________________
• _________________________________ becomes foreign
  minister champion of the League, did not
  believe French military power gave it unlimited
  power over foreign affairs in Europe
• _______________________ intensifies in 1925
  Poincare returns to office in 1926 inflation
  cools an the Franc recovers
• _______________________ remain power for the rest
  of the 1920s France enjoys general prosperity
  until 1931

17
Joyless Victors

• II. Great Britain
• 1918 Parliament expanded the _______________ to
  all men aged 21 and women aged 30 (age lowered to
  21 for women in 1928)
• Liberal, ____________________________________
  becomes Prime Minister
• British economy ___________________ throughout
  the 1920s
• High _____________________ and expanded govt
  ____________________ programs

18
Joyless Victors

• The First Labor Government
• 1922 Lloyd George is replaced by Conservative,
  Bonar Law a Liberal would never be prime
  minister again
• Law is replaced by Stanley Baldwin
• 1923 conservatives lose their majority in the
  __________________________________________
• ______________________________ has the 2nd
  largest group of members in House of Commons
• Labor Party was ____________________, but not
  revolutionary
• Ramsay MacDonald faced with proving that the
  Labor Party is ____________________ and
  ______________________

19
Joyless Victors

• The General Strike
• 1924 ___________________________ regain power
  Stanley Baldwin returns to office
• Govt attempts to restore prewar conditions of
  _______________
• Britain returns to the ____________ standard
• Govt sets conversion rate too _____________
  against other currencies British goods become
  too expensive
• Management tries to lower prices by cutting
  _____________ coal industry most affected

20
Joyless Victors

• Coal workers go on strike other sympathetic
  workers commence a _______________________
  lasting 9 days
• Ultimately the miners and other unions would
  capitulate govt reconcile with labor
• ________________________________ improves
  somewhat during this time

21
Joyless Victors

• Empire
• __________________ and __________________ begin
  to demonstrate new independence
• _________________ Congress Party led by
  Mohandis Ghandi was drawing widespread attention
• India can now impose ___________________ to
  protect its own industry

22
Joyless Victors

• Ireland
• 1914 _________________________ bill passed
  Parliament, but it was not implemented during the
  war
• ___________________________, tired of waiting,
  foment a nationalist uprising on Easter Monday,
  1916 suppressed in les than one week
• Leaders are executed, become _______________
• Leadership shifts from Irish Party in Parliament
  to the extremist ____________________ movement
  (Ourselves Alone)

23
Joyless Victors

• Sinn Fein Party wins all but four of the Irish
  seas in Parliament
• Convene their own Irish Parliament in January
  1919 and declare __________________________
• Military wing of Sinn Fein becomes the
  ________________________________________
• _____________________ war breaks out between IRA
  and British army
• Treaty signed in December 1921 Irish Free State
  declared ________________________ remains with
  GB
• _________________________ between Irish moderates
  and diehards
• __________________ support treaty
  _________________ want complete independence

24
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• Introduction
• Bolsheviks seize power through _____________
  rather than through political means
• Early membership was less than _____
• Marxist-Leninist ideology was far more
  encompassing than the ____________________ of the
  Fascists and the racism of the nazis
• Communists regarded their govt as an
  ______________________ event in the history of
  the world and the development of humanity

25
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• The Third International
• Founded in 1919 better known as the
  _______________
• Imposed _______________ Conditions on any other
  socialist party wishing to become a member
• Wished to make the ____________ model of
  socialism the rule for all socialist parties
  outside of the Soviet Union
• Emerging communist parties modeled themselves
  after the ____________ party and pursued policies
  dictated by Moscow

26
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• Emerging social democratic parties attempted to
  pursue both ______________ reform and
  ______________ parliamentary politics
• These two groups tended to fight each other
• ____________________ political movements rarely
  had to confront a united opposition on the left

27
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• II. War Communism
• The Red Army under _________________ organization
  suppressed internal and foreign military
  opposition
• Secret police was known as ____________
• War Communism ____________________
• __________ confiscates and operates banks,
  transport facilities, and heavy industry
• Seized grain from ______________ in countryside
  to feed the army and workers in the city

28
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• The revolution triumphed, but ____________
  remained
• The Navy at Kronstadt mutinied, but Red Army
  continued to _____________________

29
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• III. The New Economic Policy (NEP)
• The NEP included some _______________ economic
  enterprise
• Peasant were permitted to farm for a
  _____________
• They would pay taxes, but were allowed to sell
  their ____________ grain on the open market
• Lenin saw the peasantry as the _________ to the
  success of the revolution

30
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• Free enterprise _______________ within light
  industry and domestic retail trade
• Industrial production reached ________ levels
• Russia was becoming a land of ____________________
  and privately owned ___________________________

31
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• IV. Stalin Versus Trotsky
• ___________ highest governing committee of the
  Communist Party
• Some people not happy with the return of
  _____________
• Lenin has __________ in 1922 dies in 1924
• Two factions emerge _________________
• __________ was the general secretary of the party
  in 1922

32
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• Lenin criticized both men before his death, but
  _________ more so than ___________
• ___________ political ties and daily operating
  power gave him the upper hand
• ___________ Left Wing Position
• Expropriation of farm production _____________
  should pay for industrialization
• Success in Russia depended on ______________
  elsewhere in the world need for
  ________________________________ of other nations

33
The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment

• Stalins Position
• _________________ right-wing faction
• Manipulated by ______________, they wanted to
  retain the NEP and slow industrialization
• Doctrine of socialism in one country __________
  could do it on her own
• Stalin is not an __________________ his tactics
  could be ____________
• _______ eventually pushes ___________ out of
  Russia
• _________ now firmly in control of the
  _____________ state