The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920

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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS
WOMEN
CHILD LABOR
RACE RELATIONS
LIVING CONDITIONS
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• MASS PRODUCTION OF AUTOMOBILES
• Assembly-line system
• I am going to democratize the automobile
  Henry Ford

Situation
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS
1907 Ford lowered prices and sales went up 1908
Introduced Model T Tin Lizzie - 850.00
stripped down 1913 adopted meat packers
techniques and created a moving assembly line
Situation
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS
1913 sold 248,000 cars produced 1 every 93
minutes 1925 turned out a new car every 10
seconds
Situation
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS
Situation
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS
Situation
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Situation
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• 1904 large corporations controlled 2/5 of the
  capital in the US
• Resulting in Oligopolies
• i.e. 6 financial groups dominated Railroad
  Industry
• 1909 1 of industrial groups produced ½ of all
  manufactured goods

Situation
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS
DEBATE Critics wanted to break the trusts up
others argued that large-scale business was a
mark of the times
TRUSTS
Situation
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• Upton Sinclairs The Jungle
• Describes the filthy conditions in meatpacking
  houses
• Got the attention of the public and the government

Civil Reformers
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• TRUST BUSTER not entirely accurate
• Distinguished between good and bad trusts
• Promised to protect the good and control the
  bad

Roosevelt
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• February 14, 1902 brought suit against the
  Northern Securities Company for violation of the
  Sherman Antitrust Act
• Company controlled the rail networks of Northern
  Pacific, the Great Northern and the Chicago,
  Burlington and Quincy railroads JP Morgan and
  Rockefeller
• 5-4 Supreme Court ruled to dissolve the Company.

Roosevelt
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• 1902 1904 Roosevelt moved against the beef
  trust, the American Tobacco Company, the Du Pont
  Corp, and Standard Oil

Roosevelt
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• WAS HE REALLY AGAINST BIG BUSINESS??
• 1904 during bid for re-election he asked for
  support from big business including 150,000
  from J.P. Morgan
• 1907 allowed Morgans US Steel to absorb the
  Tennessee Coal and Iron Company

Roosevelt
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Roosevelt is portrayed as Jack the Giant Killer
and the Giants are the Captains of Industry and
Wall Street
Jack the Giant Killer
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• Despite Roosevelts reputation as the Trust
  Buster more Trusts were busted by Taft
• Man-Elkins Act of 1910 placed telephone and
  telegraph companies under government control

TAFT
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• rule of reason allowed Supreme Court to
  determine whether a business exerted a
  reasonable restraint on trade
• 1911 sued US Steel for 1907 acquisition of
  Tennessee Coal and Iron Company

TAFT
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Roosevelt's displeasure and Taft's disarray
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• Banking Reform Federal Reserve Act
• Gave President more control over the banks
• Established Federal Trade Commission to oversee
  business methods

Wilson
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
BIG BUSINESS

• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
• Prohibited unfair trade practices
• Forbade pricing policies which created monopolies
• Made corporate officers personally responsible
  for anti-trust violations

Wilson
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• Mass Productions goal to make each product
  exactly the same
• By 1920 almost ½ of all industrial workers
  labored in factories which employed more than 250
  people

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• RESULTS
• Workers lost control of workplace
• Conveyer belts were sped-up to heighten production

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR
• Scientific labor management
• Train workers for particular tasks
• Time and motion studies
• Differential pay rates that rewarded those who
  worked fastest

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• Jobs became monotonous and dangerous
• Meat cutters sliced fingers and hands
• 46 steel workers were killed in just one mill in
  1906

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• MARCH 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire
• Seamstresses were trapped in the building because
  exit doors had been closed locked by the
  company to prevent theft and to shut out union
  organizers

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• Workers stampeded down the narrow staircases and
  the single fire escape
• Others leaped from the buildings top floors
• 146 people died

SITUATION
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workers jumped to their deaths
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• Samuel Gompers
• American Federation of Labor AFL
• Union for skilled workers
• Industrial Workers of the World IWW
• Union for unskilled workers and foreign born
  laborers

Civilian Reformers
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• HENRY FORD
• Introduced 5 day doubling wage rate for common
  labor
• Reduced working day from 9 to 8 hours
• Personnel department to place workers

Civilian Reformers
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• FORDS POLICY PRODUCED RESULTS
• Turnover declined
• Absenteeism declined
• Output increased
• IWW was pushed out

Civilian Reformers
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• LOUIS BRANDEIS
• Muller v. Oregon
• The Brandeis Brief
• Used medical evidence to support claims that poor
  working conditions lead to unhealthy workers

Civilian Reformers
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• ANTHRACITE COALMINERS SRIKE PA
• 140,000 miners walked off the job
• Roosevelt ordered Army to prepare to seize the
  mines leaked word of his order to Wall Street
• Alarmed Morgan and the Union made a settlement

Roosevelt
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• An independent commission appointed by Roosevelt
  created a deal
• 10 wage increase
• Cut in work hours
• Roosevelt saw government as an honest impartial
  broker
• Square Deal for both labor and capital

Roosevelt
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• Backed laws to regulate safety in mines and Rail
  Roads
• Mandated 8-hour work days for government employees

TAFT
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• 1914 Ludlow Colorado
• State militia and mine guards fired machine guns
  into tent colony of coal strikers
• Killed 26 men, women and children
• Wilson sent federal toops to end the violence

Wilson
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Ludlow, Colorado
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Ludlow - 1914 - Red Cross
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LABOR/WORKING CONDITIONS

• Wilson signed Adamson Act 1916
• Imposed an 8 hour work day on interstate Railroads

Wilson
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
WOMEN

• 1900 More than 5 million women work
• More women than men graduated from high school
  but most professions were closed to them
• Women attended new business schools training
  in stenography, typing, bookkeeping

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
WOMEN

• 1920 ¼ of all employed women held clerical
  jobs many others taught
• Critics womens employment endangered the home
• Threatened reproductive functions
• Robbed them of their special charm

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
WOMEN

• 1900 1920 The Birth rate did continue to drop
• 1916 1 in every 9 marriages ended in divorce,
  compared to 1 in 21 in 1880

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
WOMEN

• MARGARET SANGER
• PIONEER IN BIRTH CONTROL LEAD TO CREATION OF
  PLANNED PARENTHOOD
• MARGARET DREIER
• WOMENS TRADE UNION LEAGUE
• 1920 19TH AMENDMENT TOOK EFFECT

CIVILIAN REFORMERS
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
WOMEN

• Ida Tarbell
• Editor in Chief McClures Magazine
• Muckraking magazine that examined and exposed the
  lives of the working class during the Progressive
  Era

CIVIL REFORMERS
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WTUL
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
WOMEN

• At first he believed it was a state issue and
  refused to endorse woman suffrage
• 1913 1st Mothers Day
• By 1916 He came out in support of giving women
  the right to vote

WILSON
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
CHILD LABOR/EDUCATION

• 1900 3 million children worked
• Nearly 20 of children between 5 and 15 held full
  or almost full time jobs
• Thousands worked in the mines southern cotton
  mills

SITUATION
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Breaker boys
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Italian immigrant - carrying cloth
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
CHILD LABOR/EDUCATION

• Individual States passed compulsory education and
  minimum age laws
• National Child Labor Committee established
• John Dewey education is directly related to
  experience opened Lab School in Chicago

CIVILIAN REFORMERS
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
CHILD LABOR/EDUCATION

• Created the Childrens Bureau

TAFT
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
CHILD LABOR/EDUCATION

• Keating-Owen Act
• Prohibited shipment in interstate commerce of
  products manufactured by children under age 14

WILSON
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
Race Relations

• Violence was common
• 1900 1914 White mobs murdered more than 1,00
  black people mutilating them and burning them
  alive
• Race Riots broke out
• 1906 Atlanta, Georgia
• 1908 Springfield, Illinois

SITUATION
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Lynching
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
Race Relations

• Often illiterate they were forced to sign
  contracts tying them to their jobs
• Armed guards controlled camps and whipped anyone
  caught trying to escape

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
Race Relations

• Few Unions admitted blacks
• Illiteracy rate dropped from 14 in 1900 to 30
  in 1910
• However, they didnt have equal school
  facilities, teachers salaries and education
  materials

SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
Race Relations

• Niagara Movement
• Claimed for blacks, every single right that
  belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil,
  and social and until we get these rights we will
  never cease to protest. W.E.B. DuBois

CIVIL REFORMERS
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
Race Relations

• NAACP
• Founded by William E. Walling wealthy
  southerner Settlement house worker Mary
  Ovington, a white anthropology student and
  Oswald Garrison Villard, grandson of the famous
  abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison

CIVIL REFORMERS
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
Race Relations

• NAACP cont
• By 1910 it had more than 6,000 members
• Of top 8 officers DuBois was the only black
• 1911 with National Urban League the NAACP
  pressured employers, labor unions and government
  on behalf of African Americans

CIVIL REFORMERS
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NAACP
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
Race Relations

• 1912 Election appealed to black voters
• Once in office appointed Southerners to high
  office, and Southern segregationist views on race
  dominated the nations capital

WILSON
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS
SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS
SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS
SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS
SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS
SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS
SITUATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS

• Social- Justice Reformers
• launched crusade to remove evil of drink from
  American Life WCTU
• 1920 18th Amendment prohibited sale and
  transportation intoxicating liquors

CIVILIAN REFORMERS
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS

• 1910 Mann Act
• Prohibited the interstate transportation of women
  - attempts to stop prostitution

CIVILIAN REFORMERS
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS

• Conservation
• Along with Gifford Pinchot he supported the
  wise use of natural resources, not locking them
  away
• Placed power sites, coal lands oil reserves as
  well as national forests in public domain

ROOSEVELT
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CONSERVATION
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The Progressive Era 1900 - 1920
LIVING CONDITIONS

• INCOME TAX
• Authorized by the 16th Amendment
• 1 on individuals and corporations earning 4,000
  annually
• an additional 1 on incomes over 20,000

WILSON