Carbohydrates

1
Carbohydrates

• Sugars Starches

2
Carbohydrates - Hydrates of Carbon

• Carbohydrates are organic molecules in which
  carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen bond together in the
  ratio Cx(H2O)y.
• The variables, x and y, are whole numbers that
  differ depending on the specific carbohydrate.

glucose
sucrose
3
Carbohydrates Simple Complex

• Simple carbs are one or two units of sugar linked
  together in single molecules.
• Simple sugars are easily identified by their
  sweet taste.
• Complex carbs are hundreds or thousands of sugar
  units linked together in single molecules.
• Complex carbs, such as potatoes, are pleasant to
  the taste buds, but not sweet.

4
Complex Carbs - High Fiber

• High-fiber, complex carbs are not digestible by
  humans we do not have the enzyme to do the job.
• Main stuff in high-fiber, complex carbs is
  called "cellulose.
• Healthiest choice - associated with lower
  incidences of cancer, hypertension, diabetes.

5
Complex Carbs - Low Fiber

• Examples banana, tomato, squash and all cereals
  and grains (therefore bread and pasta), potatoes
  and rice.
• Simple sugars low-fiber, complex carbs are a
  threat to health when they are eaten in
  inappropriate amounts.

6
Digestion of Carbohydrates

• After digestion, any carbohydrate with the
  exception of cellulose appears in the circulatory
  system in the simple form, as glucose, on its way
  to the cells where it is used for energy.
• To be transformed into simple sugars, complex
  carbs must be digested by the enzyme amylase.
• Amylase is secreted by the salivary glands, which
  empty into the mouth, and by the pancreas, which
  empties into the beginning of the duodenum, the
  first part of the small intestine.

7
Classification of Carbohydrates
8
Monosaccharides

• Simple sugars
• 1 sugar unit
• C1H2O1
• Glucose, fructose, galactose
• Same molecular formula different structural
  formula (isomers)
• C6H12O6

glucose
D-fructose
9
Glucose - Structural Formula
http//library.thinkquest.org/27819/media/glucose.
gif
10
Another structural formula for glucose. . .
11
Other monosaccharides. . .

• Fructose
• Galactose
• Deoxyribose
• Ribose

12
Disaccharide double sugar

• Formed when 2 single sugars combine by
  dehydration synthesis.
• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Maltose

maltose
lactose
13
Polysaccharides many sugars

• Complex carbs
• Plant starch
• Animal starch glycogen
• Cellulose