TOTALITARIANISM

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TOTALITARIANISM

• DEMOCRATIC DICTATORSHIP
• A MAN OF THE PEOPLE
• ONE PARTY STATE
• TECHNOLOGY USED FOR CONTROL
  WEAPONS OF REPRESSION, COMMUNICATIONS
• CONTROL OF EDUCATION AND MEDIA

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TOTALITARIANISM

• NO OPPOSITION ENEMIES OF THE STATE

• POPULAR, MASS ORGANIZATIONS

• IDENTITY POLITICS VICTIM CONSCIOUSNESS

20TH CENTURY EXAMPLES COMMUNISM FASCISM
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The Internationale

• Stand up. All victims of oppression
• For the tyrants fear your might.
• Don t cling so hard to your possessions
• For you have nothing, if you have no rights.
• Let racist ignorance be ended
• For respect makes the empires fall.
• Freedom is merely privilege extended
• Unless enjoyed by one and all.
• Chorus
• So come brothers and sisters
• For the struggle carries on.
• The Internationale
• Unites the world in song.
• So comrades come rally
• For this is the time and place.
• The international ideal
• Unites the human race.

• Let no one build walls to divide us
• Walls of hatred nor walls of stone.
• Come greet the dawn and stand beside us
• Well live together or well die alone.
• In our world poisoned by exploitation
• Those who have taken, now they must give.
• And end the vanity of nations
• Weve but one Earth on which to live.
• And so begins the final drama
• In the streets and in the fields.
• We stand unbowed before their armor
• We defy their guns and shields.
• When we fight, provoked by their aggression
• Let us be inspired by life and love.
• For though they offer us concessions.
• Change will not come from above.
• Billy Bragg

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COMMUNISM

• STATE MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE INDIVIDUAL
• INSPIRED BY MARX, DEFINED BY LENIN
• HISTORICALLY INEVITABLE
• DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT
• The appeal of communism RGH, p. 279
• I was ripe to be converted. . .the new star of
  Bethlehem had risen in the East.

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COMMUNISM

• ROLE/POWER OF THE STATE
• TO CRUSH THE CAPITALISTS
• TO EDUCATE THE WORKERS
• TO COMMAND THE ECONOMY
• TO WITHER AWAY
• A CLASSLESS SOCIETY- FROM EACH, ACCORDING TO
  HIS ABILITY, TO EACH, ACCORDING TO HIS NEEDS.
• ANTI-FASCIST
• ANTI-CAPITALIST

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RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS

• TWO REVOLUTIONS
• IN 1917
• MARCH -MODERATE
• NOVEMBER-RADICAL
• LED BY LENIN WHO SEIZES POWER
• BOLSHEVIK PARTY
• STRONG ORGANIZATION
• DIVIDED OPPOSITION
• PEACE, LAND, BREAD
• CIVIL WAR, 1919-1922
• LENIN DIES, 1924

• STALIN 1925-1953
• SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY
• FIVE-YEAR PLANS OF RAPID INDUSTRIALISM
• COLLECTIVIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
• CULT OF THE PERSONALITY
• GULAGS PURGES OF ALL OPPOSITION
• SECRET POLICE

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FASCISM

• MUSSOLINI OF ITALY (RGH, p. 281)
• This will be the century of authority. . .the
  century of the state
• Definition of Fascism
• An intensely nationalistic, (racialist),
  militarist and imperialist dictatorship based on
  charismatic leadership based on absolute
  obedience, coercion, repression of all
  opposition, and a strict subordination of the
  individual to the state.

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Explaining Hitler

• Victim Jew, abused
• Loser failed artist, WWI
• Insane, Madman
• Diseased
• Psychopath
• the Hitler within
• Master of irrational psychological forces

• The sexual deviant
• Evil incarnate
• Political Criminal
• Counterfeiter (Phony)
• Opportunist
• Eliminationist Anti-Semite
• Political genius

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How does Hitler come to power?
He came in on catpaws.
NAZI VOTE IN ELECTIONS May 1928 3 Sept. 1930
18 July 1932 37 Nov.
1932 33 (lost 2 million voters)
Mar. 1933 43 (no effective
opposition) So, the Nazis never won
a majority in any national election The
Catholic Center party and the Social Democrats
kept their voters throughout. 40 of those who
joined the party between 1925 and 1933eventually
left.
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Hitler and the Jews

• Then I came to Vienna. . .
• Once, as I was strolling through the Inner City,
  I suddenly encountered an apparition in a black
  caftan and black hair locks. Is this a Jew? Was
  my first thought.
• For, to be sure, they had not loked like that in
  Linz. I observed the man furtively and
  cautiously, but the longer I stared at this
  foreign face, scrutinizing feature for feature,
  the more my first questions assumed a new form
• Is this a German?
• As always, in such cases, I now began to try to
  relieve my doubts by books. For a few hellers I
  bought the first anti-Semitic pamplets of my
  life. . .
• I could no longer very well doubt that the
  objects of my study were not Germans of a special
  religion, but a people in themselves.
• From Mein Kampf

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The Seven Elements of the Hitler Myth

• the embodiment of law and order
• represents the national interest
• the architect of the German miracle
• a moderate against extremists

• commitment against the enemies of the people
• the statesman, the man of peace
• the military genius

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How Does Hitler Come to Power?

• Depression
• Technicalities
• He came in on catpaws
• Weimar Republic weak
• Personal Traits-charisma, a messiah
• November Crime-Ger. loss in WWI
• Versailles
• Vision of a new Germany

• Communists Reichstag fire
• The Big Lie-Propaganda
• if only the Fuhrer knew about that
• Foreign Recognition and Appeasement
• The George Washington of Germany
• Lloyd George of Br.

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Genius Dictionary Definition exceptional
intellectual and creative power, or one who
possesses such power. Which of the following
constitutes genius? 1. holding absolute
power. 2. having the power of life or death over
millions. 3. purging the country of those
considered inferior, either physically,
mentally, racially, or politically. 4. betraying
those that supported you on your way to the
top. 5. blaming your problems on others. 6. being
a charismatic speaker. 7. understanding the
psyche of the people. 8. losing World War
II. 9. leaving a legacy of shame for the German
people. 10. pursing a single-minded ideology of
hatred and violence.
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I DIDNT SPEAK UP IN GERMANY, THE NAZIS FIRST
CAME FOR THE COMMUNISTS, AND I DIDNT SPEAK UP
BECAUSE I WASNT A COMMUNIST. THEN THEY CAME FOR
THE JEWS, BUT I DIDNT SPEAK UP BECAUSE I WASNT
A JEW. THEN THEY CAME FOR THE TRADE UNIONISTS,
AND I DIDNT SPEAK UP BECAUSE I WASNT A TRADE
UNIONIST. THEN THEY CAME FOR THE CATHOLICS, BUT
I DIDNT SPEAK UP BECAUSE I WAS A PROTESTANT.
THEN THEY CAME FOR ME, AND BY THAT TIME, THERE
WAS NO ONE LEFT TO SPEAK FOR ME. REV. MARTIN
NIEMOELLER, GERMAN LUTHERAN PASTOR, ARRESTED BY
THE GESTAPO AND SENT TO DACHAU IN 1938, FREED IN
1945
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The Interwar Period 1919-1939

• Post-WWI Problems
• League of Nationscollective security
• Reparations and war debts
• Spread of dictatorship
• The Illusion of Security
• Disarmament
• Peace agreements (Locarno Kellogg-Briand)

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The Depressionthe world goes crazy
Global Interdependence
Germany
Reparations
Loans, Investment
Trade
United States
Japan
France
Britain
War Debts
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International Aggression

• Japanwar in China, 1931-37
• ItalyEthiopia, 1935-37
• Spanish Civil War, 1936-39 Rome-Berlin Axis

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Germany under Hitler

• Two policies nationalism, revise Versailles
• Rearmament
• Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936
• Hossbach minutes, 1937 lebensraum, war
• Anschluss with Austria, 1938

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Appeasement policydefinition

• Rationale
• a.
• b.
• c.
• d.
• Assessment

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The Munich Pact, 1938

• Surrender of the Sudetenland
• Peace in our timeChamberlain
• Germany seizes rest of Czech., March 1939
• Pressure on Poland and the end of
  appeasement

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The View from Russia

• Stalins suspicions
• The Nazi-Soviet Pact, August 1939