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EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS DETECTION METHODS,
RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES MICHAL
RÓZYCZKA NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ASTRONOMICAL
CENTER 1ST PLANETS SHOOL, HEIDELBERG, OCT.
8TH, 2003
AN EASY INTRODUCTION FOR EVERYBODY
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• The first discoveries
• Observing planet formation
• Detecting mature planets
• Statistics of extrasolar systems
• Future space missions

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THE FIRST DISCOVERIES
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1ST EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEM
ANNOUNCED IN JANUARY 1992
ALEX WOLSZCZAN
2 PLANETS (NOW 3) 1600 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE
SUN CONSTELLATION VIRGO
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... BUT PROMISING
CERTAINLY GLORIOUS...
... BUT RATHER UNFRIENDLY
THE FIRST EXTRASOLAR SYSTEM
SURPRISING
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1ST PLANET AT A SOLAR-LIKE STAR
ANNOUNCED IN OCTOBER 1995
MICHEL MAYOR DIDIER QUELOZ
LONG BEFORE THAT STARBIRTH-PROCESSES HAVE BEEN
STUDIED, YIELDING CLUES ABOUT PLANET FORMATION
STAR 51 PEGASI 40 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE
SUN CONSTELLATION PEGASUS
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OBSERVING PLANET FORMATION (INDIRECTLY)
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1011 STARS
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MILKY WAY STARS ONLY
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MILKY WAY VISIBLE LIGHT
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MILKY WAY - INFRARED
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ORION STAR-FORMING REGION
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ORIONNEBULA
AGE A FEW MILLION YEARS 150 objects R 50
-1000 AU M 600 M? (H2 emission absorption
of visible light emitted by the nebula )
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b Pictoris

• AGE
• 108 years
• dust mass 0.1 M?
• gas mass 100 M?
• Infrared 1,2m
• resolution 0,12

63 l.y. 1.7 M?
50 AU
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DETAILS OF DISC DISPERSAL UNKNOWN
STARS ARE BORN WITH CIRCUMSTELLAR DISCS
THE DISCS DISPERSE WITHIN 107 YEARS
DETAILS OF STAR AND DISC FORMATION UNKNOWN
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RESIDUAL DISCS
SEEM TO CONTAIN MORE THAN JUST DUST
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b Pictoris
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AGE 108 years dust mass 0.1 M?
FOMALHAUT 25 l.y. 2.8 M?

HOLE OUTER PLANET
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INDIRECT EVIDENCE RESIDUAL DISCS CONTAIN
PLANETS
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DETECTING MATURE PLANETS
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JUPITER SHINES WEAKER THAN THE SUN
1 000 000 000 TIMES (visible light)
50 000 TIMES (infrared)
5 000 TIMES (mm and
sub-mm)
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JUPITER OBSERVED FROM THE NEAREST STAR
0.1 DISTANT FROM THE SUN
DROWNED IN SUNSHINE !! PSF, SEEING, ZODIACAL
LIGHT, BACKGROUD SKY REMNANT DISK
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AND YET WITHIN THE LAST 8 YEARS MORE THAN
110 EXTRASOLAR PLANETS HAVE BEEN FOUND
HOW ??
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POPULAR VIEW
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POPULAR VIEW
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REALITY X CENTER OF MASS SYSTEM
VIEWED POLE-ON (RARE)
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REALITY SYSTEM VIEWED OBLIQUELY (MORE
COMMON)
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THE PLANET CANNOT BE SEEN
...BUT
MOTIONS OF THE STAR BETRAY ITS PRESENCE !
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EARTH
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MOTIONS OF THE SUN VIEWED FROM A STAR 30 LIGHT
YEARS AWAY 0.002 IS THE ANGULAR SIZE OF A MAN
ON THE MOON OR A STANDARD NEWSPAPER FONT 300 KM
AWAY
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STELLAR WOBBLE RECEDING REDDER
APPROACHING BLUER
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1 Angstrom 10-8 cm
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PLANET DETECTION DUE TO STELLAR WOBBLE
K V?sin i
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PLANET DETECTION DUE TO STELLAR WOBBLE
MPL sin i M?K / VPL
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KNOWN

• ORBITAL PERIOD

• AMPLITUDE OF VELOCITY VARIATIONS

• MASS OF THE STAR

COMPUTED

• MASS OF THE PLANET (LOWER LIMIT)
• ORBITAL RADIUS

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ANOTHER EFFECT TRANSIT PLANET IN FRONT OF
THE STAR
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FIRST DETECTION OF A PLANET VIA THE TRANSIT
PHENOMENON
ANNOUNCED IN 2002/2003
ANDRZEJ UDALSKI MACIEJ KONACKI
STAR OGLE-TR-56 5000 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE
SUN CONSTELLATION SAGITTARIUS
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KNOWN

• ORBITAL PERIOD
• AMPLITUDE OF VELOCITY VARIATIONS
• MASS OF THE STAR

• LIGHT CURVE

• COMPUTED
• MASS OF THE PLANET (LOWER LIMIT)
• RADIUS AND SHAPE OF THE ORBIT

• COMPUTED
• MASS OF THE PLANET
• RADIUS AND SHAPE OF THE ORBIT

• RADIUS OF THE PLANET

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BASIC STATISTICS OF EXTRASOLAR PLANETS
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JUPITERS DEEP INSIDE MERCURYS ORBIT !!!
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Planetary system of u And
0.85 AU 242 days 2 MJ
2.5 AU 3.5 years 4 MJ
0.06 AU 4.5 days 0.75 MJ
0.73 AU 228 days
1 AU 1 year
0.39 AU 89 days
1.54 AU 1.9 years
Solar system
Source Harvard-Smithsonian CfA
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EXPECTED
NEARLY CIRCULAR ORBITS BIG PLANETS FAR AWAY FROM
THE STAR NO PLANETS BIGGER THAN JUPITER
DISCOVERED
STRONGLY ELONGATED ORBITS BIG PLANETS VERY CLOSE
TO THE STAR MANY PLANETS BIGGER THAN JUPITER
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CONCLUSION
WHO WE ARE COSMIC STANDARD OR COSMIC EXCEPTION?
ARE THERE ANY EARTH-LIKE PLANETS AT DISTANT
STARS?
SOME PLANETARY SYSTEMS HAVE FORMED AND/OR
EVOLVED ENTIRELY DIFFERENTLY THAN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
QUESTIONS
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PLANETS AND METALLICITY
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FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS RELATED TO EXTRASOLAR
PLANETS
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COROT, KEPLER, EDDINGTON
LAUNCH IN 3-5 YEARS
TRANSITS SEARCH FOR EARTH-LIKE PLANTES
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SIM
LAUNCH IN 6 YEARS
WOBBLE DUE TO EARTH-LIKE PLANTES
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ORBITAL PERIOD (YEARS)
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the discovery of life on another planet is
potentially one of the most important scientific
advances of this century
The 2001 decadal review of astronomy and
astrophysics, prepared by the U.S. National
Research Council, stated that
it would have enormous philosophical implications
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IN MORE PRACTICAL TERMS
PLANETS
ATTRACT
MONEY
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LIGHT YEAR 1l.y. 63 115 AU 1013 km
ASTRONOMICAL UNIT 1AU 150 000 000 km 8.3
light minutes