Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Social Thinking and Social Influence

• Module 32

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Social Psychology

• The scientific study of how people think about,
  influence, and relate to one another

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Attribution Theory

• People tend to give a causal explanation for
  someones behavior, often by crediting either the
  situation or the persons disposition

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Situational Disposition

• Attributing someones actions to the various
  factors in the situation

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Dispositional Attribution

• Attributing someones actions to the persons
  disposition, i.e. their thoughts, feelings,
  personality characteristics, etc.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

• The tendency for observers, when analyzing
  anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact
  of the situation and overestimate the impact of
  personal disposition
• People tend to blame or credit the person more
  than the situation

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Video

• Women in the KKK

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Attitude

• A belief and feeling that predisposes a person to
  respond in a particular way to objects, people,
  and events

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Attitudes Affecting Actions

• Many studies suggest a persons attitudes do not
  match their actions
• Attitudes can predict behavior if
• Outside influences are minimal
• People are aware of their attitudes
• Attitude is relevant to behavior

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Actions Affecting Attitudes

• Under some circumstances ones actions can
  influence attitudes. They include
• Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
• Role playing
• Cognitive dissonance

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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

• The tendency for people who have first agreed to
  a small request to comply later with a larger
  request

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Role Playing

• Playing a role can influence or change ones
  attitude
• Zimbardos Prison Study
• College students played the role of guard or
  prisoner in a simulated prison.
• The study was ended when the guards became too
  aggressive and cruel.

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Video

• Zimbardos Prison Study

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Cognitive Dissonance

• The theory that people act to reduce the
  discomfort (dissonance) they feel when their
  thoughts are inconsistent with their actions
• When our attitudes are inconsistent with our
  actions, we change our attitudes to reduce the
  dissonance.

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Conformity

• Adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide
  with a group standard

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Solomon Asch (1907-1996)

• Social psychologist who researched the
  circumstances under which people conform

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Aschs Conformity Study
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Aschs Conformity Study
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Factors Increasing Conformity

• The person feels incompetent or insecure.
• The group has three or more people.
• The rest of the group is unanimous.
• The person is impressed by the status of the
  group.
• No prior commitments were made.
• The group is observing the person respond.
• Ones culture encourages conformity.

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Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)

• Social psychologist who researched obedience to
  authority

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Obedience

• The tendency to comply with orders, implied or
  real, from someone perceived as an authority

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Milgrams Obedience to Authority
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Milgrams Obedience to Authority
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Milgrams Obedience to Authority(Data from
Milgram, 1974)
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Milgrams Obedience to Authority
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Video
Obedience to Authority
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Social Facilitation

• Improved performance of tasks in the presence of
  others
• Occurs with simple or well learned tasks but not
  with tasks that are difficult or not yet learned

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Social Loafing

• The tendency for people in a group to exert less
  effort when pooling their efforts toward
  attaining a common goal than when individually
  accountable
• People may be less accountable in a group, or
  they may think their efforts arent needed.

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Deindividuation

• The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint
  occurring in group situations that foster arousal
  and anonymity
• People lose their sense of responsibility when in
  a group.

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Group Polarization

• The enhancement of a groups prevailing attitudes
  through discussion within the group

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Groupthink

• The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire
  for harmony in a decision- making group overrides
  a realistic appraisal of the alternatives

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

• Occurs when belief about others leads one to act
  in ways that induce the others to appear to
  confirm the belief

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The End