Pronouns II

1
Pronouns II

• Grammar Usage

2
Now we need to learn about another kind of
pronoun

• Personal
• Relative
• Interrogative
• Demonstrative
• Indefinite
• Reflexive

3
By the end of this lesson you should know

• What a relative pronoun is.
• What a subordinate clause is.
• When to use who and when to use whom.
• When to use whoever and when to use whomever.
• When to use which and when to use that.

4
Relative Pronouns

• The Relative Pronouns are who, whom, whose,
  which, and that also (less commonly) whichever,
  whoever, and whomever.

5

• Just like the personal pronouns, the relative
  pronouns have nominative, objective, and
  possessive case forms

6
Who versus whoever, whom versus whomever

• Who and whom are used when referring to a
  specific person or group of people.
• I know the person who was arrested.
• Bob and Jim are two people whom many of their
  classmates know.
• Whoever and whomever are used when referring to
  an unspecified person or group.
• I will challenge whoever enters the race.

7
Definition of relative pronouns, independent and
subordinate clauses

• Definition A relative pronoun introduces a
  subordinate (or dependent) clause and relates the
  clause to the rest of the sentence.
• A clause is a group of words with its own subject
  and verb.
• An independent clause can stand by itself as a
  complete sentence.
• A subordinate (or dependent) clause, although it
  has a subject and a verb, cannot stand by itself
  as a complete sentence.
• A subordinate clause needs to be attached (or
  related) to an independent clause in a sentence.

8
Examples of independent and subordinate clauses
In the above examples, the antecedent is
italicized and the relative pronoun is in bold
type. The relative pronoun connects the
subordinate clause back to the sentence through
the relationship between the relative pronoun and
its antecedent. Note We have also been calling
this relative pronoun the dependent marker.
9
Examples of relative pronouns in action
subordinate clause in italics

• Note that in all of the following examples, the
  sentence is still complete if the subordinate
  clause is removed.
• That is the poet who gave a reading.
• He is the architect whom we spoke with on the
  phone.
• The teacher whose car I borrowed pressed charges.
  
• The table, which my brother built, fell to the
  floor.
• The one that got away was the best.

10
Relative pronouns

• Note that in each of the previous examples, the
  relative pronoun was introducing a subordinate
  clause this is what a relative pronoun does.

11
Usage of Relative Pronouns Who or whom?

• In order to decide what form of a relative
  pronoun to use, you must first determine whether
  the relative pronoun is a subject or an object in
  the clause it introduces.

12
Determining Who or whom?

• That is the poet who gave a reading.
• Isolate the subordinate clause who gave a
  reading.
• Complete the process
• No prepositional phrases
• The verb is gave it is active
• Who is the subject of the clause
• Nominative form, who, when subject
• Note You may be tempted to say poet is the
  subject. Poet is not, however, in the clause.
  Poet is the antecedent of who.

13
Determine Who or whom?

• Go through the process to determine whether the
  pronoun use below is correct or if the pronoun
  should be changed.
• The woman the police wanted ran
  away.
• Isolate the subordinate clause
• Complete the process
• Prepositional phrases
• Verb and verb type
• Subject
• Whom has what function
• Nominative or objective case

14

• Dont cheat!
• Go through the process!
• Now go back to Slide 13!

15
Explanation

• The woman whom the police wanted ran away.
• Isolate the subordinate clause whom the police
  wanted
• Complete the process
• No prepositional phrases
• The verb is wanted
• Police is the subject
• Whom is the direct object What was wanted?
• Use objective form, whom when the relative
  pronoun is an object in the clause.

16
Who or whom, whoever or whomever...

• The nominative case form is used when the
  relative pronoun is the subject of the clause or
  a predicate nominative, and the objective case
  form is used when it is an object in a clause.

17
Who or whom, whoever or whomever...

• In what slot does who fall in the following
  sentence?(See slide 8 for help.)
• What pronoun form should we use in the following
  sentence? Nominative or objective? Why?
• The man who owns the tiger gets his way.

• Who is the subject of the clause, and who, the
  subject, is the nominative form.

18
Who or whom, whoever or whomever...

• In what slot does whom fall in the following
  sentence?
• What pronoun form should we use in the following
  sentence? Nominative or objective? Why?
• He was the one whom Judy kicked.

Whom is a direct object in the clause, and whom
is the objective case form.
19
Tricks for deciding between who or whom, whoever
or whomever...

• Try substituting she for who and her for whom in
  the subordinate clause. If it is a match, you
  have the case right.
• who owns the tiger
• she owns the tiger
• I gave the money to whom
• I gave the money to her
• Ask yourself, Who is doing what to whom?

20
Always remember to determine what part of speech
the pronoun is in the subordinate clause...

• A preposition isnt necessarily followed by whom
  or whomever. It can be followed by a subordinate
  clause that starts with who
• After the card game, Nathan was concerned about
  _______ owed him money. (who or whom)
• The correct answer is who because it is the
  subject of the subordinate clause who owed him
  money. The entire subordinate clause is the
  object of the preposition about.

21
Examples of relative pronouns
Determine the correct relative pronoun for the
following sentences on your worksheet before
advancing to the next slide.

• The detectives asked the witnesses __________
  they saw in the park. (who, whom)
• The director interviewed __________ was
  interested in the part. (whoever, whomever)
• The director may ask __________ he wants.
  (whoever, whomever)
• The sheriff doesnt know __________ the turkey
  rustler is. (who, whom)

22
That versus which

• Though there is not perfect agreement among
  grammarians on the use of that and which, most
  people follow this rule
• If you can drop the clause and not lose the point
  of the sentence, use which. If you cant, use
  that.
• A which clause goes inside commas. A that clause
  doesnt.

23
For example...

• Dads behavior at the party, which was the result
  of his exuberant nature, led to a conflict with
  my mother.
• The behavior at the party that led to a conflict
  with my mother was the result of Dads exuberant
  nature.

24
By now you should know

• What a relative pronoun is.
• What a subordinate clause is.
• When to use who and when to use whom.
• When to use whoever and when to use whomever.
• When to use which and when to use that.

25
Pencils down...relaxits over!
Paul and Johanna