Zack Price

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• Zack Price
• Ted Koller

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• Supercritical plants have existed for years
• Ultra-supercritical are still being researched
• Operate at higher efficiencies than regular
  plants
• Due to increased temperatures than conventional
  plants
• Supercritical plants can achieve up to 46
  efficiency
• Conventional plants can only achieve 29-39
  efficiency
• Ultra-supercritical plants can achieve up to 55
  efficiency.
• China is the leader in supercritical plants.
• Germany and Denmark are leading the way in
  ultra-supercritical technology research
• New steels to be used in the plants that prevent
  corrosion.

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• Carbon based
• Produces ash when burned
• Ash contributes to respiratory damage
• Impacts local visibility and causes dust problems

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• http//www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?P
  ageID414
• Removing harmful chemicals in coal, but still
  using coal for energy
• Removes sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides
• Contribute acid rain, acidic aerosols, smog,
  ground level ozone, and greenhouse gas emissions

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• Pro-Clean Coal Commercial
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0bcRgnIcntI
• Anti-Clean Coal Commercial
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vW-_U1Z0vezw

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• Coal is mined
• Burned in a refinery
• CO2 and other chemicals are pumped away
• Various methods of pumping away CO2

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• The purpose of new combustion technologies is to
  improve the efficiency of coal production.
• Improved efficiency in coal production means you
  get more energy from a single unit of coal.
• Higher efficiency coal power plants emit less
  CO2.
• They also work better with newer capture
  technologies.
• Considered a cost effective way to minimize CO2
  that is emitted from coal production
• Mostly just in developing countries where coal
  use is increasing.

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• FBC has the potential of reducing SOx and NOx
  emissions by 90
• Coal is burned in a reactor where gas is fed
  through a bed.
• Improves combustion, heat transfer, and waste
  recovery
• The entire process operates at lower temperatures
  than conventional Pulverized Coal Combustion
  plants.
• A high pressure gas stream is produced
• Drives a gas turbine, creating electricity
• Non-Pressurized FBC systems operate at 30-40
  efficiencies.
• Pressurized FBC systems operate at over 40
  efficiencies.
• The advantage of FBC systems is that coal waste
  can be used that would not usually be used
  because of its poor quality.

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• IGCC plants use a gasifier
• converts coal to syngas which drives a turbine.
• Combined with oxygen and water to produce syngas.
• Syngas is purified and cleaned to remove
  impurities
• Pumped through a gas turbine to create
  electricity.
• Heat given off in this process is recovered to
  create steam
• Runs more turbines and creates even more
  electricity.
• Efficiencies of 45-50 are attainable through
  IGCC.
• Cost, reliability, and availability are all
  issues with IGCC plants.

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• Pre-Combustion Capture
• Converts syngas into CO2 and Hydrogen
• CO2 is converted into fluid and transported for
  geological storage
• Stored underground
• Hydrogen can be used for fuel cells

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Types of Capture Methods cont

• Post-Combustion Technology
• Best suited to new high-efficiency plants
• A lot of technical difficulties
• Captures CO2 based on chemical a chemical
  absorption process
• Already used in the oil and gas industries

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• Oxyfuel Combustion
• Coal is combusted in pure oxygen
• Nitrogen is left out of the combustion cycle
• Very concentrated CO2
• Carbon capture and compression is easier

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Types of Capture Methods cont

• Advantages
• Oxyfuel and Post-Combustion can be retrofitted to
  old buildings
• Pre-combustion is potentially more flexible
• Wide range of possibilities
• Can help move to hydrogen as a source of energy

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• Pumped out of plants and underground
• Stored underground in a variety of locations
• Where depends on availability
• Becomes liquid from increased pressure
• The longer CO2 remains underground, the more
  securely it is stored

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• Underground permeable rock formations covered in
  very salty water
• Covered by unbreakable cap rock
• CO2 is injected into the cap rock
• Eventually dissolves into saline water
• Takes place at depths below 800 meters.
• Largest storing potential globally

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• Most well explored
• Have proven ability to store hydrocarbons for
  millions of years
• Cost effective
• Can help existing oil and gas refineries by
  increasing pressure and therefore yields
• CO2 does not always dissolve

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• CO2 is injected onto situ coal
• Takes the place of other gasses which are being
  dispersed
• Assists commercial production of methane

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• Burlington Resources in the San Juan Basin, USA
• Records from 1995-2001 show that no CO2 was
  emitted in the methane produced
• Indicates CO2 was absorbed
• Methane is ALSO a potent greenhouse gas

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• Coal cleaning removes sulfur, ash content and
  other additional mineral
• Lets coal burn cleaner with fewer pollutants
• Standard for most plants
• Four main technologies that assist in decreasing
  the amount of ash let into the air
• electrostatic precipitators
• fabric filters
• wet particulate scrubbers
• hot gas filtration systems.
• Flue gas desulphurization technologies
• are systems that are used in post-combustion to
  lower sulfur emissions.
• Low NO2 burners control the temperature of the
  flame during combustion
• reduces NO2 emissions.

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• CCS is not a plausible application to
  conventional power plants
• Would involve replacing every coal powered-plant.
• A coal producer would see a 60 per ton charge
  when using CCS
• Triples the cost of the power sold to the
  customer

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• Would the CO2 stay in the ground?
• If it leaks out, the purpose of clean coal is
  defeated
• Added pressure from CO2 could release salt water
  aquifers
• Would destroy drinking water supplies

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• Clean coal will not economically viable until
  about 2030
• Most damage will be done by then
• The advertisement campaign is being paid for by
  Americans for Balanced Energy Choices
• Includes the worlds biggest mining company (BHP
  Billiton)
• Biggest U.S. coal mining company (Peabody Energy)
• Biggest publicly owned U.S. electric utility
  (Duke Energy)
• Biggest U.S. railroad (Union Pacific).
• A proposed pilot plant called FutureGen was
  cancelled in January by the federal government
• High cost of 1.8 billion.
• Only 400 million came from corporate partners
  over 10 years.
• Would have cost nearly as much per year as the
  Clean Coal campaign.
• Despite economic disadvantages and uncertainty
  Clean Coal is still supported.
• M. Harvey Brenner (Johns Hopkins University)
• If higher cost alternative energy replacement
  would bring lower wages, higher unemployment, and
  the death of 150,000 poor Americans.

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• Clean Coal really is not sustainable or green
• Coal still has to be mined, destroying forests
  and ecosystems
• Destroys carbon capturing trees
• Does not encourage alternative and renewable
  energy sources
• CO2 is the most potent greenhouse gas
• Clean Coal is a method of reducing it,
• Better than nothing, but far from the greatest
  option

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