Resource and Energy

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Resource and Energy
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Energy consumption by different countries
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World energy consumption (1965-2005)
GNU Free Documentation License,
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Fuel mix affects CO2 emissions
Electric Power Sector
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Fossil fuels

• The three most important fossil fuels are
• Crude oil
• Coal
• Natural Gas
• Combustion of fossil fuels are the major sources
  of energy in many countries, especially for
  production of electricity and transportation.

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(Source EIA, US)
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Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil
(Gallons)
Source EIA, USA
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Use of Fossil Fuels in transportation

• Transportation is one the major user of fossil
  fuels beside electricity production.

Four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine
GNU Free Documentation License,
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Problem with fossil fuels

• Combustion of fossil fuels is the main source of
  a number of air pollutants. These include carbon
  dioxide which is a major Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
  contributing to global warming.
• As fossil fuels take millions of years to form,
  their storage in the crust is limited.

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(No Transcript)
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Limited reserve of Fossil Fuels

• At the current rate of consumption, it is
  estimated that the current reserves will run out
  in
• Oil 32 years
• Gas 52 years
• Coal 252 years (Source EIA, USA)

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GHG Flow Diagram Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Global CO2 Emissions Growth
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Most Countries Contribute Little to GHG Buildup
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Historical Contributions Major Data Constraints
Cumulative CO2 Emissions, Comparison of Different
Time Periods
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Some examples of renewable energy
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Map of global solar energy resources. The colors
show the average available solar energy on the
surface during 1991 to 1993. The scale is in
watts per square meter. For comparison, the dark
disks represent the land area required to supply
the primary energy demand in the year 2010, using
currently available technology.
GNU Free Documentation License,
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Solar oven for cooking
GNU Free Documentation License,
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A solar panel convert light to electricity
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Advance of efficiency of solar cells through
recent years
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Hydroelectric power Station at Saint Anthony Fall
at Mississippi River
Source Wikipedia
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Hydraulic turbine
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Tidal energy
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Wind energy
GNU Free Documentation License,
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Geothermal energy
Bjarnarflag Geothermal Station in northeast
Iceland Steam from underground are used to drive
turbine to generate electricity. (Source
Wikipedia)
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Potential of Renewable energy
Available renewable energy. The volume of the
cubes represent the amount of available wind and
solar energy. The small red cube shows the
proportional global energy consumption. Values
are in TW 1012 Watt. The amount of available
renewable energy dwarfs the global consumption
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Nuclear Energy is considered as another common
choice for commercial electricity production
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Nuclear Energy

• The most common fuel for commercial nuclear
  energy plants is Uranium.
• Uranium is a common element, occurring almost
  everywhere on land and in the oceans. It is about
  as common as tin, and 500 times more common than
  gold.
• Different types of nuclear fission reactors use
  different type of nuclear fuels
• Light water reactors uranium-235
• Fast breeder reactors uranium-238
• Reserve of nuclear fuels in nature can last from
  50years to hundreds of year depend of fuel type
  and reactors.

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Nuclear Energy and the Environment

• Past events like Chernobyl accident and the Three
  Miles Island accident cause general public to
  worry about safety of nuclear, even when
  scientific community generally agree that
  probabilities of such accidents to be very small.
• Disposal of radioactive wastes with long
  half-life produced by nuclear power station
  remain to raise environmental concerns.

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Uncontrolled nuclear fission in nuclear explosion
resulting in the release of the vast amount of
energy and radiation
(Source United States Department of
Energy)
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Nuclear Fuel Cycle

• Uranium is mined, enriched and manufactured to
  nuclear fuel (1)
• The nuclear fuel is delivered to a nuclear power
  plant. After usage in the power plant the spent
  fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or
  to final repository (3) for permanent storage in
  a safe place, such as inside rock.
• In reprocessing 95 of spent fuel can be recycled
  to be returned to usage in a power plant (4).

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A nuclear power plant with water vapour rising
from cooling towers
GNU Free Documentation License,
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State of commercial nuclear plant
Diversified choice Some countries are building
new nuclear power plants, while Some countries
are decommissioning present plants.
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Location of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant
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Bio fuel