Diapositiva 1

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TRAVERSES FROM PATRIOT HILLS TO SOUTH POLE
CHILEAN (BRAZILIAN) CONTRIBUTION TO ITASE
Centro de Estudios Científicos Valdivia Glaciology
and Climate Change

Gino Casassa, Andrés Rivera., Francisca Bown,
Rodrigo Zamora, Guisella Gacitúa, Masiel Cerón
(CECS, Universidad de Chile) Jefferson Simoes,
UFRGDS, Brazil
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Nov/Dec 2004
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Patriot Hills
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VEHICLE BERCO TL-6 CREW CAB, SWEDEN COST USD
750,000 CONVOY LENGTH 32 m VEHICLE LENGTH
WEIGHT 8 m 6.6 ton CONVOY PAYLOAD 20
ton ENGINE CUMMINS EURO III B 5.9 ECHO 250
HP FUEL DIESEL-JA1 FUEL COMPT. 0.2-0.4 km/l
(2.5-5.0 l/km) MAXIMUM ROAD SPEED 40 km/h MAX
SPEED OVER SNOW WITH LOAD 14 km/h MAX. SPEED
OVER DEEP SNOW (gt2000 m a.s.l.) 8 km/h
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2004/2005

• VHF chirp radar at 150 MHz from P.Hills to S.Pole
  (U. Kansas radar)
• 400 MHz GPR from S.Pole to Patriot Hills
• kinematic GPS for surface positioning
• deployment of stakes every 20 km measured by
  static GPS for velocity accumulation
• shallow firn coring (46 m depth) at 7 sites
  every 2 latitude
• surface snow samples every 10 km for chemical
  analysis
• Surface snow density
• gravity measurements every 20 km for
  determination of crustal structure, associated
  isostatic conditions and geoid determination
• Geodetic reference point on rock south of Thiel
  Mountains

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STATISTICS P. HILLS-S.POLE 1145 km, 18
days S.POLE STAY 8 days (repairs, refueling,
firn drilling) S.POLE-P.HILLS 1266 km, 23 days
(including 130 km to Thiel Mts.) 1145 km of radar
ice depth data (1,000 3,000 m depth) 1145 km
of shallow ( 60 m) radar snow stratigraphy
data 1145 km x 2 2290 km of precise GPS
data Short-term ice velocity on 54 stakes every
20 km along the route Precise gravity data every
10 km along the route Surface (top 1.2 m) snow
density data every 20 km along the route 105
surface snow samples (every 10 km along the
route) 225 m of firn density cores at 7 sites
along the route GPS measurements of 1 geodetic
rock point at Lewis Nunatak, Thiel Mts. GPS
measurements of 10 geodetic rock points at
P.Hills GPS re-measurements at 165 snow/ice sites
at P.Hills within a radius of 30
km Meteorological measurements at P.Hills every 3
h
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Firn cores recovered in December 2004
Core Location Altitude (m a.s.l.) Depth Drilling period 10 m temp (C)
IC1 895827.7S 280953.9W 2833 m 30.81 m 0306/12/2004 -490.5
T1 890733.1S 830420.2W 2774 m 4.04 m 10/11/2004 ---------
IC2 880121.3S 820421.7W 2621 m 42.92 m 1113/12/2004 -450.5
IC3 855957.3S 813506.3W 1621 m 46.31 m 1618/12/2004 -360.5
IC4 835859.4S 800701.4W 1295 m 22.20 m 2122/12/2004 -330.5
IC5 823030.8S 792802.7W 950 m 42.51 m 2426/12/2004 -290.5
IC6 810310.1S 795009.1W 750 m 36.06 m 2830/12/2004 -270.5
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ONGOING ANALYSIS OF 2004 CORES
MAINE (Paul Mayewski et al.) Maine Stables
isotopes, ionic chromatography, traces by
ICP-MS. BRAZIL (Jefferson Simoes et
al.) Microparticle analysis (Porto
Alegre) Tritium DNA traces CHILE (Masiel Cerón -
Ph.D. Chemistry Student University of Chile) -
Prof. Andrés Rivera CECS) Analysis of dioxines
and total arsenic of Ice Cores 5 and 6 acquired
by PSI Switzerland in 2004 and an ice core record
from Cerro Mercedario (central Andes, 30S, 6100
m)
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Dec 2007- Jan 2008
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Etapas de esta expedición
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2007/2008

• VHF chirp radar at 150 MHz (ULUR radar, Ulloa et
  al., 2008)
• 400 MHz GPR from Patriot Hills to South Pole
• kinematic GPS for surface positioning
• deployment of stakes every 20 km measured by
  static GPS for velocity accumulation
• shallow firn coring (20 m depth) at 2 sites 220
  km apart
• surface snow samples every 40 km for biological
  analyses every 20 km for chemical analysis
• gravity measurements every 20 km for
  determination of crustal structure, associated
  isostatic conditions and geoid determination
• determination of surface roughness, its relation
  with local patterns of snow accumulation and
  correlation with satellite imagery texture

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Algunos resultados preliminares en la ruta al
Polo sur
53 balizas instaladas en la expedición 200419
balizas encontradas en la expedición 2007
Balizas encontradas de la expedición pasada
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Valores de acumulación (mm/año agua eq)
calculados entre los 84 y los 90S
Este método 115 mm/año eq ag
Radar GPR 120 mm/año eq ag
Promedio acumulación anual 84 mm año eq agua
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Estimaciones de acumulación (mm/año agua eq) a lo
largo de toda la ruta P.Hills-Polo Sur
gt120 mm/yr w eq.
80 mm yr w eq
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Biological analyses of snow/ice cores
Pamela Santibañez
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INTRODUCTION
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
TEMPERATE GLACIERS

• Melt and percolation (e.g. Schwikowski et al.,
  1999 Eichler et al., 2001)
• Previous studies
• Yala glacier in the Nepal Himalayas (Yoshimura
  et al., 2000). Ice core dating with microalgae.
• Tyndall glacier in the Southern Patagonia
  Icefield, Chile (Shiraiwa et al., 2002 Kohshima
  et al., 2007). Dating and estimation of past mass
  balance.
• Sofiyskiy Glacier in the Russian Altai (Uetake
  et al., 2006). Dating and estimation of past mass
  balance with microalgae and pollen.
• Mocho-Choshuenco volcano and Osorno volcano in
  the Chilean lake district (Santibañez et al., in
  press) Dating and estimation of past mass balance
  with microalgae, pollen and protozoa (testate
  amoebae)

Chlamydomonas nivalis, Chloromonas sp microalgae
genre/species
reino phylum (division) - clase - orden -
familia- genero y especie
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

• Sample analysis
• Laminar flow table
• Hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
  membrane filters
• (JHWP1300 0.2 mm pore size, 13 mm diameter
  Millipore, USA).
• Each filter mounted and fixed in glycerol,
  formalin and water solution (volume 111)
• Counts of microorganisms and pollen grains
• Fluorescent microscope
• (OLYMPUS BX-FLA).
• Scanning electron microscope (SEM), UACH.
• Technique developed by Yoshimura et al. (1997,
  2000)
• Microalgae and pollen measured with resolution
  of 4-6 cm
• Filtering of 30 ml each sample (25-50 ml)

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FIRST RESULTS SAN VALENTIN
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Podocarpaceae mañío, lleuque
Algal Biovolume (x102 mm3 mL-1)
Podocarpaceae (Grains L-1)
Autumn 2007
Autumn 2007 accumulation 63 cm of snow
Net mass balance 2006-2007 (early autumn 2006
to early autumn 2007) 53.7 cm of snow. Low for
Patagonia, but same order of magnitude as Vimeux
et al., in press
Summer 2006/07
Summer 2005/06
Winter accumulation gt53 cm of snow
Initial evidence of non Podocarpaceae pollen
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FIRST RESULTS
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Microalgae growth in snow and ice during melt
season Division Chlorophyta algae green algae
MORPHOTYPES
E
C
D
C
J
U
C flagellate (movement stage)
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FIRST RESULTS
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
POLLEN
Family Podocarpaceae is the most abundant pollen
in the first 2 m of the core
Clear field (white light) photograph
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