ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUELS

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ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUELS

• Methanol M100 (neat), M85 (gasoline blend)
• Ethanol E10 (gasoline blend), E85, E100
• LPG propane, propane-butane mixtures
• CNG compressed natural gas
• Biodiesel
• Hydrogen

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Alternative Fuels and Technologies

• Early motivation was for cleaner combustion
  giving reduced air pollutant emissions
• More recent motivation is reduced GHG emissions
  by using renewable biofuels (ethanol, biodiesel),
  or less carbon intensive fuels (CNG, LNG)

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Life-cycle analysis for motor vehicles
Vehicle Cycle
Objective and quantitative evaluation of
environmental performance for fuel/vehicle
technologies
Pre-operation Material production, component
fabrication and vehicle assembly

• FUEL CYCLE

New vehicles
Upstream operations Feedstock and Fuel
production, transportation, storage, and
distribution
Vehicle operation energy conversion and
emissions from combustion
FUEL
Old vehicles
There are energy requirements and pollutant
emissions associated with each of these stages
Post-operation Vehicle disposal and recycling
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Some terms used

• Cradle to grave
• Cradle to cradle
• Well to wheel
• Well to tank
• Tank to wheels

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Alternative Fuels and Technologies

• Full fuel life cycle analysis (well to wheels)
  is required to compare emissions from alternate
  fuels and technologies.
• For example, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles may
  have zero air pollutant and GHG emissions from
  the vehicle operation stage but have significant
  air pollutant and GHG emissions from the upstream
  stage, depending on the primary energy source and
  how the hydrogen is obtained.

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Special Tools/Models for LCA

• General
• SimaPro and others
• Transportation
• GREET, Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions,
  and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model
• (Michael Wang, U.S. DOE Argonne National
  Laboratories)
• LEM, Lifecycle Emissions Model (LEM)
• (Mark Delucchi, University of California,
  Davis)
• GHGenius
• Derived from LEM, Developed and supported by
  Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)
• http//www.ghgenius.com/

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Example Diesel vs CNG buses in Beijing

• Background
• Beijing has 2000 fleet of CNG buses
• Renewal of remaining fleet to address Beijing
  air quality concerns for 2008 Olympics.
• Clean diesel or CNG?
• GHG emission reduction?
• Can emission reduction credits be claimed under
  the CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) of the
  Kyoto Protocol?

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