Alternative Fuel Sources in Transportation

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Alternative Fuel Sources in Transportation
2
Agenda

• Fuel Cells Aidymar Bigio
• Electric Melanie Albano
• Hydrogen Fuel Jan Camposanto

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Fuel Cells

• Aidymar Bigio

4
Fuel Cell Origins

• Fuel cells have been around for 150 years
• It wasnt until WWII that fuel cells became the
  subject of intense research and development.
• Grove cell used platinum electrode immersed
  in nitric acid and a zinc electrode in zinc
  sulfate.
• It generated about 12 amps of current at about
  1.8 volts

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Fuel Cell Applications

• Stationary
• Residential
• Transportation
• Portable Power
• Landfill/Wastewater Treatment

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How does it works.

• Consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an
  electrolyte.
• Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen
  over the other, generating electricity and heat.
• Hydrogen is feed through the anode, Oxygen
  through the cathode.
• Hydrogen atoms encouraged by a catalyst , split
  into a proton and electron.
• Protons and electrons take different paths to the
  cathode.
• Electrons before they return to the cathode can
  reunite with hydrogen and oxygen in a molecule of
  water.

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How does it works.
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Types of Fuel Cells

• Phosphoric Acid
• Proton Exchange Membrane (PME)
• Molten Carbonate
• Solid Oxide
• Alkaline
• Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
• Regenerative Fuel Cells
• Zinc Air Fuel Cells

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Phosphoric Fuel Cells

• Uses phosphoric acid as the electrolyte
• Operation temp 300 to 400 F
• Existing power output 200KW to 11MW
• Generally have large size and weight.
• Application Transportation busses
• Fuji (1994)
• Nova Bus joint venture of Toshiba and United
  Technologies

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Proton Exchange Membrane

• Works with a polymer electrolyte in the form of a
  thin, permeable sheet.
• Small and compact, operates at temperature ranges
  of 175F
• Power currently 50 KW, 250 KW in development.
• Applications
• Experimental vehicles.
• Blimps
• Sonobuoys (nautical buoys that generate and
  transmit signals

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Alkaline

• Work on compressed hydrogen and oxygen and used a
  solution of potassium hydroxide in water as their
  electrolyte.
• Operations temperature 300 to 400F
• Power 300 W to 5 KW
• Applications
• Space Crafts
• More cost efficient solutions are being develop
  for automobiles.

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Regenerative Fuel Cells

• Newest type of Fuel Cells
• Attractive as a close loop form of power
• Still in experimental stages and currently being
  researched by NASA

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Benefits of Fuel Cells

• Economic New Markets
• Current Market 218 Million
• Estimated to grow to 2.4 billion 2004 and 7
  billion 2009
• The studies estimate the 2004 markets for fuel
  cells to break down as follows
• 850 million - electric power generation
• 750 million - motor vehicles
• 200 million - portable electronic equipment
• 200 million - military/aerospace
• 400 million - other

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Benefits of Fuel Cells

• Energy Security US energy dependency is higher
  today that it was during the oil shock of the
  70s.
• If just 20 of cars used fuel cells, we could
  cut oil imports by 1.5 million barrels every day.
  
• If every new vehicle sold in the U.S. next year
  was equipped with a 60-kW fuel cell, we would
  double the amount of the country's available
  electricity supply.
• 10,000 fuel cell vehicles running on
  non-petroleum fuel would reduce oil consumption
  by 6.98 million gallons per year.

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Benefits of Fuel Cells

• Environmental
• Reduce urban air pollution.
• Studies have shown that if 10 of cars used Fuel
  cells for power, regulated air pollutants will be
  cut by one million tons a year
• Studies have also shown 60 millions tons of
  carbon dioxide will also be eliminated
• Emissions fuel cell running on hydrogen derived
  from a renewable source will not have any
  emissions except for water vapor.

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Current Applications
Honda
New Taxi by Zevco
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Current Applications
Fork Lift By Siemens
Utility Truck by Coval
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Current Applications
Toyota
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Electric

• Melanie Albano

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Disadvantages of Gas Vehicles

• Generate high levels of air pollution
• Kills 60,000-120,000 people/year
• Costs 93 billion in medical bills
• Made of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), carbon
  dioxides (CO2), nitrous oxides (NO2), and carbon
  monoxide (CO), methane
• Photochemical smog
• Reduction in ozone layer

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What is an EVS?

• Electric Vehicle System
• motors powered through fuel cells
• fuel cells work through reverse electrolysis

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Benefits to the Environment

• Up to 98 cleaner than gasoline powered vehicles
• Only emission water
• Reduced junkyard waste problems of oil, lead, and
  battery acid
• Lead acid batteries are 98 recyclable

23
Maintenance

• Overall much less difficult maintenance
• Water batteries once every few months
• Check brakes and suspension a bit more often
• Change main battery pack every 3-4 years
  depending on driving and battery type

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Other Benefits

• Expected to last over a million miles
  vs. 100,000 miles for motor vehicles
• Perfect urban commute car
• Reduced dependence on foreign oil
• Long term cost savings

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Drawbacks

• Cost
• Cheaper to refurb used gas-powered car by adding
  battery than buying new EVS

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Legislation

• California, New York, Massachusetts
• Mandate that 10 of cars sold in 2003 are zero
  emission vehicles
• 10 other Eastern states
• Considering similar mandates to meet federal
  clean air standards

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CA ZEV Mandate

• 10 Zero Emissions Vehicle Mandate
• as part of emissions control system, battery
  packs must be warranted for 15 yrs. or 150,000
  miles
• to maintain progress towards commercialization of
  ZEVs given constraints due to cost, lead time,
  and technical challenges
• only 2 pure ZEVs, 6 partial PZEVs, 2 advanced
  tehnology AT-ZEVs

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Response to Zero Emission Mandate

• Big auto manufacturers opposed
• Catch 22
• Developing prototype is expensive finished
  product will be too expensive
• Refusal to mass produce to reduce cost

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Alternatives to New EVS

• Convert gas car to electric
• Cost to do it yourself between 5K - 7K
• Cost for conversion shop 10K - 20K
• gt Therefore EVS can be cost-competitive

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Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Designs

• Different configurations utilizing
• Clean diesel engines
• Alternative fuels engines
• Gas turbines
• Fuel cells in conjunction with batteries

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Goal of HEV

• Ultimate goal of hybrid-electric vehicle
• provide equivalent power, range, cost safety of
  conventional vehicle
• while reducing fuel costs and harmful emissions
• Presently, HEV can operate nearly twice as
  efficiently as traditional vehicles

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Energy Sources of HEVs

• Battery
• most common source
• contains no moving parts
• only very small amount of heat during the
  discharge cycle is wasted energy
• usually main energy supplier

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Addl Energy Sources of HEVs

• Auxiliary Engine
• burns gasoline, diesel fuel, or alternative fuels
• (i.e. methanol, ethanol or compressed natural
  gas)
• even when vehicle is not moving, HEV stores
  produced energy during idling in the battery pack
• Regenerative Braking
• 10 of energy during deceleration recovered by
  reversing direction of current flow from the
  drive motors

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Energy Efficiency Comparison

• HEVs
• no idling losses large reduction in engine
  losses
• can travel twice distance of conventional vehicle
  on same amount of energy

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Chryslers Efforts at HEVs

• Began in 1998
• Premiums cancelled out by at least 15-20 fuel
  savings other benefits
• Geared toward environmentally conscious and
  practical

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Chryslers 1st HEV

• Dodge Durango
• With electric front-wheel drive and conventional
  rear-wheel drive
• Scheduled for late 2003 release with price
  premium of 3000

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Chryslers 2nd HEV

• Dodge Ram Contractor Special
• features hybrid power train auxiliary power
  generator
• can be equipped w/different gas of diesel engines
  operated for electric-only mode for short
  distances
• slated to launch late 2004 with price premium of
  5000

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Chryslers Pure Electric Vehicles

• Dodge Caravan EPIC minivans pure electric
  vehicles
• 200 on CA NY roads
• range of 90 miles
• quick charged in about 30 minutes

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Hydrogen Fuel

• Jan Camposanto

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Hydrogen Fuel

• Hydrogen is being explored for use in combustion
  engines and fuel-cell electric vehicles
• gas at normal temperature and pressures
• greater transportation storage hurdles than for
  liquid fuels

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Hydrogen Fuel

• No transportation distribution system currently
  exists for hydrogen transportation use
• Desirable alternative fuel
• ability to create the fuel from a variety of
  resources
• clean-burning properties

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Chemical Properties

• Hydrogen gas is the simplest lightest fuel
• in a gaseous state at atmospheric ambient
  pressures
• Fuel hydrogen is not pure hydrogen gas
• contains small amounts of oxygen other materials

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How Hydrogen is Made

• Two methods to produce hydrogen
• electrolysis
• synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
  partial oxidation

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Electrolysis

• uses electrical energy to split water molecules
  into hydrogen oxygen
• electrical energy can come from any electricity
  production sources including renewable fuels

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Synthesis Gas Production

• predominant method for producing synthesis gas is
  steam reforming of natural gas

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Hydrogen Vehicles

• Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the
  universe
• When combusted (oxidized) it creates only water
  vapor as a by-product
• 4H O2 2H2O

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Hydrogen Vehicles

• When burned in an internal combustion engine,
  however, combustion also produces small amounts
  of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide
• due to engine lubricants
• exhaust is free of carbon dioxide

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Hydrogen Vehicles

• Hydrogen gas can be compressed stored in
  cylinders
• Hydrogen can also be kept as a liquid

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Hydrogen Vehicles

• Liquid hydrogen and the required refrigeration
  system needs 6-8 times more storage space than
  gasoline for an equivalent energy content
• Compressed hydrogen gas requires 6-10 times more
  storage space

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Hydrogen Vehicles

• Hythane
• blend of hydrogen and methane (natural gas)
• preliminary information presented in 1994
• a test cars exhaust using 30 hydrogen and 70
  methane contained 80 less nitrogen oxides than
  US EPA standards for 2003
• Hythane usually contain 5 hydrogen

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Vehicle Availability

• There are no vehicles currently available that
  use hydrogen
• Automobile manufacturers have experimented with
  developing hydrogen vehicles
• Daimler-Benz, BMW, Mazda

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Vehicle Availability

• Mercedes-Benz and BMW research vehicles use
  liquid hydrogen
• Mazda vehicle stores its hydrogen as a gas in a
  metal-hydride lattice of shaved metal
• two compressed hydrogen vehicles in Arizona
  operated by the American Hydrogen Association

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Hydrogen Vehicles

• Only in test programs due to
• high production costs
• low density
• possibly 20-30 years before hydrogen is a viable
  transportation fuel and then perhaps only in
  fuel-cell-powered vehicles

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• Global Advancement - Germany, Japan, Canada,
  Belgium and Saudi Arabia followed US-invented
  technology for hydrogen production and have
  continued to expand it
• US clings to oil
• Hydrogen investments can help keep us in step
  with global competition

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• National Security - Relying on the Middle East
  for energy weakens national strength
• US could be energy self-sufficient with hydrogen

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• Jobs - Converting to a hydrogen-based economy
  would create thousands of permanent scientific
  and industrial jobs
• building plants, manufacturing parts, selling
  equipment, and developing technology

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• Supply - Fossil fuels will eventually run dry
  someday
• hydrogen is renewable gt unlimited
• solving energy supply problems today will ensure
  stability tomorrow

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• Clean Air - Pollution from cars and airplanes
  produce smog
• hydrogen emits no toxins

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• Deficit - the government spends billions of
  taxpayer dollars every year to subsidize oil
  exploration and to militarily defend access to
  oil in the Middle East

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• Clean Water - Huge oil spills have occurred one
  too many times
• hydrogen evaporates immediately
• water is the only by-product of the fuel

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• Wilderness - Mass oil consumption requires
  drilling into pristine wilderness areas
  disrupting ecosystems
• hydrogen production leaves no environmental scars

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• Health - Increasing pollution from cars and
  airplanes can cause increased illness
• hydrogen is clean and efficient

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WHY HYDROGEN?

• Economy - US trade balance sheets show that oil
  imports drain 1 billion from the economy every
  week